The Death Of Puerto Rican Immigrants - 2026 Words

In 2009 after the retirement David Souter from the Supreme Court president Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor as the replacement judge. â€Å"The judge is the daughter of Puerto Rican immigrants...She is a first Generation Americans.† According to multiple multiple American news outlets such as CNN, Fox News, Msnbc, etc. To these news outlets this was the info that was groundbreaking the daughter of immigrants was both groundbreaking to the media as well as inspiring. The true definition of what the American dream stands for.The media thought the info was important enough that they covered this story on the â€Å"top of the newshour†, and relayed this information to people of the the US as a matter of fact. Yet this claim was false and the truth being that her parents aren t immigrants didn’t it wasn’t before 1917. Yes it is true that Judge Montemayor is born of people who came from Puerto Rico but according to US law established 1917 called Jones-Shafroth A ct people born in Puerto Rico are US citizen as well as a person from any other state. So this doesn t make her parents immigrants as multiple news outlets say. So all her parent’s did was move they didn’t imigrate to a new country they like a lot of Americans moved to a different place. Through this spread of false information the pride of puerto ricans were angered.An example of this angerement came from my father the person who is hardly takes offense anything. Was infuriated by the 60 Minutes news report that he made me watchShow MoreRelatedWest Side Story : Race Discrimination1594 Words   |  7 Pages a Puerto Rican gang and the Jets, an Anglo-Americans gang; it also represents the discrimination, violence and economic exploitation Puerto Ricans faced when migrating to New York in the 1950’s. When West Side Story came out in 1961, it explains to the American audience why Puerto Ricans were migrating to the United States and their living conditions. The film has various themes and topics for a diverse range of analysis to be made, nevertheless, we will be focusing on how the Puerto Rican gangRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 Pagesassessment tool is a checklist used by professionals to gain knowledge of patient’s culture and beliefs prior to initiating care. (Spector, 2000). There are many different cultures in this country, brining different beliefs in health, illness, recovery, death, and life. The heritage assessment tool is an important measure towards better understanding of cultural competency, or recognition of diversity. A person’s culture, beliefs, heritage, and language have a substantial impact both as a patient and aRead MoreWest Side Story And The Music Man1875 Words   |  8 Pagesillustrates how the Puerto Ricans of New York faced discrimination and were used as scapegoats by the American people during the cold war time period to escape their anxieties. Due to the fear of communism an d possible nuclear war the 1950-1960s time period was a very fragile time for the American people which produced an air of xenophobia throughout the country. The air of xenophobia is present throughout the play due of the repeated mention of stereotypes about Puerto Ricans and the constant feelingRead MoreGang Violence During The 19th Century901 Words   |  4 Pagesstockyards, raiding peddlers, robbing men leaving work, fighting among themselves, and terrorizing the German, Jewish, and Polish immigrants who settled there from the 1870s to the 1890s. These gangs fought constantly among themselves, but they united as the â€Å"Mickies† to battle black gangs to the east ¨ (Diamond). The effect of the Irish gangs terrorizing the immigrants was that Polish gangs started emerging in the 20th century, which pushed many Polish gangs to start fighting with other rival PolishRead MoreIn Search of Respect Guide1351 Words   |  4 Pagesof the style in which this book is written? Chapter 2-A Street History of El Barrio What have been the different waves of immigrants who have lived in East Harlem? How would you describe a continuity in their experiences? How have they been described by outsiders? How is the poverty of East Harlem spatially segregated from mainstream America? What is a jibaro? How has Puerto Rico, historically, been used by outside interests? What were the reasons for the switch to cocaine in American inner citiesRead MoreThe Music Style Calle 13972 Words   |  4 PagesRene Perez Joglar â€Å" El Residente† and Eduardo Jose Cabra Martinez â€Å"El Visistante† are the Puerto Rican step brothers that created the band Calle 13 in 2005. The music style Calle 13 incorporates into their music is Reggaeton with a range of different Latin American genres. Reggaeton originated from Puerto Rico, it is a collaboration of Latin dancehall and rap. Unlike many rappers, this particular Latin American band uses their music to speak upon the current issues people are facing instead of theRead MoreWashington Height s ( Wh )2555 Words   |  11 PagesThere are several groups of people living in WH although the majority of them are Dominican followed by the Puerto Ricans, Latinos and Hispanic New Yorks (Rodriguez, 2015). According to the 2010 census the estimated number of inhabitants was 168,900  people (Valente, 2016). After the 19th century many people moved in and settled on Washington heights. In the beginning, the Irish immigrants moved here to establish their homes followed by the European Jews who were running away from the Nazis in 1930-1940sRead More Contrast Of Romeo And Juliet and West Side Story Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesparties. At the dawn of Romeo and Juliet, Capulet’s cohorts harass Montague’s. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it, boasts Sampson (1.1.42-43). In the opening scene of West Side Story, several members of a Puerto Rican gang insult A-rab, a member of the opposing gang. It is here where Lieutenant Schrank becomes aware of the potential rumble. In Romeo and Juliet Escalus, Prince of Verona, threatens, If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shallRead MoreComparison of the Works of Smith and Morales2590 Words   |  10 Pagesbeen nominated for National Poetry Series selection, Hurston/Wright Award in Poetry, Chatauqua Literary Journal Award in poetry and Pushcart Prize (The poetic annex of Patricia Smith, n.d.). Her work includes the following titles Close to Death,  Life According to Motown, Big Towns, Big Talk and Teahouse of the Almighty. Her work What its like to be a Black Girl starts off with an opening line which very clearly sets the tone of the poem as a sort of a piece meant to create an understandingRead MoreIssues Dealing With Migrating And Appalachian Clients994 Words   |  4 Pagesliked to read in the chapter talking about Mexicans as well not just Puerto Ricans and Vietnamese. As I read this article I found out that it had good information that stood out to me as pursing my social work degree, talked about: human rights, social work practice with immigrants, also macro practice and policy advocacy for immigration reform. As I searched for a scholarly journal article on my heritage I found one called â€Å"Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.-Mexico Border† David

The Health Care Of Canada - 1477 Words

Introduction: Are Canadians people who are facing homelessness getting the health care that they need in Canada? Most people would think so because Canada has a system of universal health insurance. The World Health Organization(WHO) describes universal health insurance as ensuring that all people can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship. Homelessness is one on of the worst things that can happen to anyone. People who are homeless are generally in worse health than the general population. Even with experiencing excessive burden of acute and chronic health issues, many homeless people should not be facing barriers to primary health care, especially a universal system healthcare. In a study conducted by Hwang, S. W., Ueng, J. J. M., Chiu, S., Kiss, A., Tolomiczenko, G., Cowan, L., †¦ Redelmeier, D. A. (2010). Universal Health Insurance and Health Care Access for Homeless Persons. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1454–1461. They looked at unmet needs for health care among homeless people in Toronto, Canada. This was done by surveying a representative sample of 1169 homeless individuals at shelters and meal programs and asked them if within the last year they had needed health care but been unable to get it. 17% of homeless individuals which was about one in sixShow MoreRelatedHealth Care In Canada1080 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion about being able to pay or if the patient has insurance. Rather, if the patient needs care, it is provided. The healthcare system in Canada consists of universal coverage for medically necessary health care services (Health Canada, 2012b). For this to run effectively, the system is maintained by both the fede ral and provincial government to ensure that all Canadians are receiving the same standard of care. History The Constitution Act, 1867, divided roles and responsibilities between levels ofRead MoreBenefits Of Health Care In Canada1001 Words   |  5 Pagesresidents to a particular area in Canada must apply for health coverage and once they get approved they will receive a health card which will provide the individual coverage in the that specific territory. Any individual who is new to the area have a time wait on to receive health coverage since they need to get granted and cannot wait over three months due to the Canada Health Act. In any matter, also due to the Canadian Health Act, no individual should be denied of any health services because of theirRead MoreThe Health Care System Of Canada841 Words   |  4 Pages The health care system of Canada practices federalism (Makarenko,2010). Federalism means the government has the power to enforce laws from the entire nation (Holz, 2013). Canada selected a universal health care insurance plan for all Canadians and immigrants. The governmen t regulates the Medical system of Canada and funded by personal income tax, corporate income tax, sales tax, and from lottery proceeds (Candian Health Care,2008). The Canadian federal and provincial levels of government have theirRead MoreHealth Care Systems Of Canada908 Words   |  4 Pages Health Care Systems Health care in the United States has been an ongoing dispute and a major concern to all involved from the provider to the consumer. There have been other countries who have a demonstrated success in providing better health care practices at an economical cost for providers and consumers. Currently the United States spends more per person on health care comparatively speaking to other countries. Perhaps taking a looking at what has worked for other counties and their currentRead MoreThe Health Care System Of Canada1460 Words   |  6 Pagesloves Canada, one of the main reasons will usually include the free health care. The health care system is one aspect of Canada that makes citizens patriotic and proud and makes those from other countries, like the United States, a bit envious. All around the world, Canada is known to have a reputation for the great healthcare and free health care policy. With such a wonderful system, it is hard to believe that the mental health care system is s ubpar compared to all other aspects of the health careRead MoreThe Health Care Of Quebec Canada1609 Words   |  7 Pagesat work. It made me want to take care of me, appreciate and love my own body. I was very passionate about what I did. I enjoyed talking to people and having fun but at work I was a different person. I was so serious during the surgeries. What we were doing was consequential and took a lot of concentration. It was someone’s life that we were dealing with and I treated the patients the same way I would have wanted to be treated. The health care in Quebec Canada is free but the hospitals are alwaysRead MoreHealth Care Of The United States And Canada871 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Care in the United States and Canada With so many Americans hearing about the health care system in Canada and how all its citizens are covered for both their health care and prescription needs, it’s no wonder why there are more and more Americans wanting to seek coverage across the border. But are American’s the only one who may think the health care colored grass is greener on the other side of the border. This essay will discuss what health care systems are in the United States and inRead MoreCanada s Health Care System931 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining the health of the nation is one of the priorities of societies throughout the world. 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After a thorough analysis of private health care associated with neo-conservatism, and public health care associatedRead MoreCanada s Health Care System1656 Words   |  7 Pagescomplete health care system is an important symbol to illustrate its peace and well development. Canada s health care system is considered as one of the best health care systems in the world. This system based on the people- oriented medical insurance concept. The starting point is to cure the sickness and to save th e patient, regardless of their economic capacity. Also the Medical insurance has a lifetime effect and is completely transferred with person’s place of residence. Because Canada carried

Contract between Ben and Johar-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the essential elements of Contract for creating a valid contract between Ben and Johari for the sale and purchase of the yacht. Answer: Introduction A contract can be best put as a promise made between two or more parties, where each party promises to undertake the made promise, which is usually in form of one party paying the consideration and the other party carrying out the work stated in the contract. The provisions of contract law are more or less the same in every jurisdiction, but at times it is found under the common law, and at others, it is found under the statutory law (Latimer, 2012). In Malaysia, contract law is governed by the Contracts Act, 1950. Under this act, for a contract to be created, there is a need for the presence of six elements, which include the offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity to contract, free consent, and the intention to create legal relations (Chen-Wishart, Loke and Ong, 2016). This discussion revolves around these very elements present in the case study, to decide if a contract had been formed. Issue The main issue based on the facts of the case study comes to be the presence of essential elements of contract for creating a valid contract between Ben and Johari for the sale and purchase of the yacht. Rule The first step in formation of contract is for an offer to be made. Based on section 2(a) of the Contracts Act, 1950, a proposal shows the willingness of the party to be bound by the made promise, and with a view of obtaining assent on the same by another person. This section also provides that an offer must show that the promise would be fulfilled, where the same is accepted by the other party. It is important to differentiate the offer from an enquiry and also from intent to trade. There are stages when the contract is being built up, where different kind of negotiatons takes place. It is important to note that this is not an offer phase and merely shows the intent to trade. Examples of it include the advertisements in newspapers and magazines (Harris and Croese, 2014). The next step for holding a valid contract to be formed is the acceptance. Under section 2(b) of this act, the proposal is deemed to be accepted when the person making the offer gives their assent to it. The acceptance could be expressed in a written or an oral manner, and can also be implied from the offering partys conduct. Under section 7(a) of this act, the acceptance has to be unqualified and absolute, which means that the intention of the offering party needs to be understood clear without any kind of doubt from their conduct (CommonLii, 2006). Section 4 of this act provides when thee commendation is deemed to be complete. Section 4(1) provides that the communication of proposal is completed only when the same comes in the knowledge of the person to whom the proposal had been made. Under section 4(2) (b), the communication of acceptance is completed as against the accepting party, when the same comes to the proposers knowledge. Section 4(3) provides that communication of revocation is completed (a) by the making party when it is put in course of transmission to the individual to whom this has been made; and (b) against the person to whom the same has been made, when this communication comes to their knowledge. Under section 5(1) of this act, a proposal can be revoked, at any movement before the acceptance communication is completed against the proposing party but not after it. Under section 6(a), it is stated that a proposal is revoked when the revocation notice is communicated to the other party by the proposer (CommonLii, 2006). Apart from the statutory law, there are certain provisions given under the established case laws, which also have to be kept in mind (Stone and Devenney, 2017). For instance, Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J 35 provides that merely silence cannot be deemed as a mode of acceptance. This is aligned with the aforementioned statutory law. So the statement made in this case that where the nephew did not rely, it would be deemed as his acceptance by the uncle would be deemed as invalid acceptance (Poole, 2016). Another important concept in this regard is the postal rules of acceptance. As a general rule, the acceptance date is the date when the other party gets the communication of acceptance. However, the postal rules are an exception to this rule and provide that the date of acceptance, in cases where the letters are posted for giving the acceptance, is the date on which the letter is posted (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). In Ignatius v. Bell (1913) 2 FMSLR 115, the parties had agreed to make use of the post as the manner of their communication. A proposal had been made by the defendant for selling the land held by him to the plaintiff and this option had to be exercised before August 20th 1912. On August 16th 1912, the plaintiff sent their acceptance through registered post but the same could not be delivered till August 25th 1912. Applying section 4 of the Contract Act, the court stated that the acceptance communication was completed upon the acceptance notice being completed on August 16th 1912 even when this acceptance was not known to the defendant (Intellectual Property, 2010). The other required elements for creation of a valid contract include consideration. Section 2(d) of this act provides that consideration is paid for the act done, or from not doing any task. The next element is for the parties to have the intention to create legal relations. Even though the act does not specifically cover any provisions on this requirement, it continues to be a crucial requirement for creating an enforceable contract. The next requirement is for the parties to have the capacity to enter in a contract, which as per section 11 are the age of majority and the sound mind of a person. The last requirement is for free consent to be given for the drawn agreement, which is covered under section 10 of this act (CommonLii, 2006). Application The discussed law now has to be applied on the given case study. In this case, an offer had been made by Johari on March 03rrd 2016 to sell his yacht for a price of RM2million. This value is the value of consideration satisfying the requirement of consideration in this transaction. The proposal or the offer made in this case was very clear and shows the willingness of Johari to go forward with the sale, in case this proposal is accepted by Ben. And it is also clear that as per the quoted sections, Johari is awaiting the assent of Ben on the made proposal. However, this letter stated silence would be taken as an acceptance of Ben. Based on the case of Felthouse v Bindley, this would not be deemed as applicable as the silence can never be deemed as acceptance. This is also due to the applicability of section 2(b) where the acceptance would only have been attained when Ben gave his assent to the offer. The revocation letter sent by Johari would be taken to be one March 09th only as the same was sent through post and the postal rules become applicable on this communication. The acceptance of offer of Johari by Ben came after the offer had already been revoked by Johari. Section 4(2) (b) provides the communication of acceptance is completed as against the accepting party, when the same comes to the proposers knowledge. This acceptance would be completed here when the acceptance letter reached Johari on March 12th 2016, by which time not only the offer had been revoked, but also had crossed the stipulated timeframe for acceptance. It can be claimed that the revocation letter of Johari reached Ben after he had already posted the acceptance letter, resulting in a contract being formed. However, applying the case of Ignatius v. Bell, it becomes clear that the date of posting the letter has to be taken as the date of communication. So here the offer was made on March 03rd, which was revoked on March 09th. Thus, the acceptance of March 10th is not valid as the offer was properly revoked before the same could be accepted. Even with presence of intention between parties, consent, and capacity between the parties, there was a lack of valid acceptance in this matter. Conclusion Thus, from the discussion carried in the previous segment, it can be concluded that there was no contract formed between Johari and Ben due to the lack of valid acceptance for the proposal made by Johari. This was due to the fact that the offer made by Johari had been effectively revoked before Ben could accept the offer, and in this regard, the postal rules played a major role. Thus, this discussion highlighted the role played by the governing legislation of the nation in deciding on the presence of a contract between two or more parties, and brings forth the clarity on different elements of contract along with the manner in which they have to be applied. References Chen-Wishart, M., Loke, A., and Ong, B. (2016) Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia: Remedies for Breach of Contract. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. CommonLii. (2006) Contracts Act 1950 (Revised 1974). [Online] CommonLii. Available from: https://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/consol_act/ca19501974200/ [Accessed on: 06/02/18] Harris, J., and Croese, C. (2014) Contract Law in Context. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Intellectual Property. (2010) Law Notes. [Online] Graguraman. Available from: https://graguraman1.blogspot.in/2010/07/proposal-and-acceptance-law-416.html [Accessed on: 06/02/18] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Poole, J. (2016) Textbook on Contract Law. 13th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stone, R., and Devenney, J. (2017) The Modern Law of Contract. 12th ed. Oxon: Routledge.

Native American Civilizations Thrived In The Western Hemisphere Before

Native American civilizations thrived in the Western Hemisphere before Europeans discovered the "New World." These civilizations had many similarities and contributed much to the development of the Latin American culture today. Each civilization was a part from each other, however they had accomplished almost the something and had ideas that were alike but they were so far apart its a astounding of what they came up with. The environment is very important to a civilization. The Mayas lived in a tropical rain forest where they were surrounded by plant life and tree. The Incas however lived in a more dry, grassy, mountainous environment. But the Aztecs settled in a watery area, actually their center town, to which al of their road went, was in the middle of a lake. Even thought these civilizations are so far apart they have created things that are similar, and they have done such fascinating things with such little technology. For example the Maya were ahead of their time they had clocks, they could tell time, predict eclipse, they had a calendar, and a number system of zero. The Aztecs were also remarkable they had pyramids, math, language, herbs and medicine, and a calendar. Their religious practices were also similar. The Mayas believed in human sacrifices, burial chambers, and they had special pyramids that were like temples. These temples would be very high, because I think they thought that the higher the pyramid the closer to god they are. The Aztecs were very gruesome people they are sort of like the, Spartans, they believed in war and killing. When they won a war they would take prisoners. And they would ripe the hearts out when they were still beating! They too believed in human sacrifice. However on the other hand the Incas were more peaceful people they were polytheistic all of the civilizations were, but the Incas really believed in human labor, they believed in forces of nature, and in festivals. The other hand their agriculture was very different Mayans grew beans, corn, and squash. The Aztecs had floating gardens, they surrounded their center city, since it was in the middle of a lake. The Incas based their lives on hunting, fishing and gathering food, but they did not develop cities. You these three civilizations are alike and different. But I think that if they all came together and lived peacefully without fighting, they would have mad one great civilization. Probably the best of that time.

Analysis Essay about the Marketing Processes and Theories free essay sample

This analysis is about the marketing processes and theories within an international context, from my own experiences as a consumer and marketing student in the international context. This is about the â€Å"outside in† looking at a context, and analyzing the key market and competitive factors. At last, the identification of one local organization that operates in that market context and provides an evaluation of their marketing strategiesTherefore, it is about the contextual background that represents the national or regional context of the analysis and the geographical, social, cultural, religious and other environmental and contextual factors.I choose one of the biggest and oldest companies of my country India, THE TATA GROUP OF COMPANIES. It is an Indian multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata and gained international recognition after purchasing several global companies. It is one of Indias largest conglomerates and is owned by Tata Sons, a charity registered with the Charity commissioner in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Essay about the Marketing Processes and Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Tata group’s global footprint spans more than 100 countries in six continents The Tata group comprises over a 100 operating companies spread across six continents.CONTEXTUALIZATIONTata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata and gained international recognition after purchasing several global companies. It is one of Indias largest conglomerates and is owned by Tata Sons, a charity registered with the Charity commissioner in India.Each Tata company or enterprise operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors and shareholders.According to TATA GROUP (2017) There are 30 publicly listed Tata enterprises with a combined market capitalization of about $145 billion as of November 2017. Tata companies with significant scale include Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan, Tata Communications and Taj Hotels.

Polish Surname Meanings and Origins

Polish Surname Meanings and Origins With more than 38.5 million inhabitants, Poland  has the seventh-largest population in Europe. Many more millions of Polish nationals and people with Polish ancestry live around the world. If youre one of them, you might wonder about the meaning of your last name.  As with the majority of European surnames, most Polish surnames fall into one of three categories: toponymic, patronymic/matronymic, and cognominal. To learn more about your family name, read on. Toponymic Surnames   Toponymic last names are typically derived from a geographical or topographical location. For instance, some names are derived from the homestead where the first bearer of that name and his family lived. In the case of nobility, surnames were often taken from the names of familial estates. Other place names that  were adapted into surnames include towns, countries, and even geographical features. While you might think such surnames could lead you to your ancestral village, often thats not the case. This is because, over the course of history, many places in Poland have shared the same name, while other locales have changed names over time, were subdivisions of a local village or estate too small to be found on a map- or simply disappeared altogether. Surnames ending in the letters owski usually derive from place names ending with y, ow, owo, or owa.   Example:  Cyrek Gryzbowski, meaning  Cyrek from the town of Gryzbow. Patronymic and  Matronymic Surnames Surnames in this category are usually derived from the first name of a male ancestor, although some are derived from the first name of a wealthy or well-respected female ancestor. Such surnames with suffixes such as  icz, wicz, owicz, ewicz, and  ycz usually mean son of. As a rule, Polish surnames that include a suffix with the letter k  (czak, czyk, iak, ak, ek,  ik, and yk) have a similar meaning which translates to either little or son of. The same is true for the suffixes yc and ic, which are most commonly found in names of eastern Polish origin. Examples: Pawel Adamicz, meaning Paul, son of Adam; Piotr  Filipek, meaning Peter, son of Philip. Cognominal Surnames There are two basic types of cognominal surnames. The first category encompasses names that are based on a persons occupation. Some of the most common occupational surnames are derived from what were traditionally the most prominent professions in Polish society throughout history. These include blacksmith (Kowalski), tailor (Krawczyk), innkeeper (Kaczmarek), carpenter (CieÅ›lak), wheelwright (KoÅ‚odziejski), and cooper (Bednarz). Example: MichaÅ‚Â  Krawiec, meaning Michael the tailor. Descriptive surnames, on the other hand, were often derived from nicknames or pet names that highlighted either a physical attribute or personality trait of the original name bearer. Example:  Jan Wysocki, meaning Tall John. 50 Common Polish Last Names Surnames with the  ski  suffix and its cognates cki  and  zki make up almost 35 percent  of the 1,000 most popular Polish names. The presence of these suffixes almost always denotes Polish origin. The most common Polish surnames are listed below. NowakKowalskiWiÅ›niewskiDabrowskiKaminskiKowalcyzkZielinskiSymanskiWozniakKozlowskiWojciechowskiKwiatkowskiKaczmarekPiotrowskiGrabowskiNowakowskiPawlowskiMichalskiNowickiAdamczykDudekZajacWieczorekJablonskiKrolMajewskiOlszewskiJaworskiPawlakWalczakGorskiRutkowskiOstrowskiDudaTomaszewskiJasinskiZawadzkiChmielewskiBorkowskiCzarneckiSawickiSokolowskiMaciejewskiSzczepanskiKucharskiKalinowskiWysockiAdamskiSobczakCzerwinski

Common Biases in Self-perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common Biases in Self-perception - Essay Example 387). People reactions in situations originate in the very perceptions. In order to change people’s reactions and responses to the challenges of everyday life, it is imperative that biases in self-perception, factors governing the self-perceptions, people’s tendency and willingness to change their self-perceptions for the better, and possible ways to achieve this are explored. A very common misconception about the perceptions is that they are passive and are created as a result of an individual’s recorded information about the subject from the past experience. In reality, perceptions are active and create reality rather than recording it depending upon an individual’s response to the stimuli (Curry, Meyer, and McKinney, 2006, p. 28). Self-perceptions play a big role in the quality of performance of an individual. Yammarino and Atwater (1993) proposed a model according to which accurate self-perception leads to better individual and organizational outcomes whereas inflated or deflated self-perception leads to diminished or mixed results respectively. The behavior and psychology of an individual is different when he/she is working as part of a group from when he/she is working alone. Generally, people tend to have self-serving biases when they are being part of a team. They tend to take credit for the team’s successes while indulge in a blame-game to avoid the responsibility of failure (Taylor and Doria, 1981, p. 210). Factors that help an individual carry accurate self-perceptions include but are not limited to high self-esteem, knowledge, and good critical analysis skills. Reifenberg (2001, p. 627) found that people who make good judgments about their performance have higher internal attributions than others whose judgments are not quite as good. Lack of the skill to respond accurately to particular situations at hand arises from lack of people’s awareness of their lack of ability to differentiate between the accurate a nd inaccurate response to the very situations. This essentially means that rather than being ignorant of their lack of skill to respond accurately, such people are ignorant about their ignorance. Instead of realizing their deficiencies, these people tend to overestimate their skill of responding in the right way thinking there is no problem all which is how their ignorance works. People with low talent are more optimistic about their performance as compared to the people with high talent. Indeed, the latter are slightly pessimistic about their performance not because they underestimate their own skills, but because they tend to overestimate the skills of others, whereas actually others are not as good at responding in the right way as they are. On the other hand, the optimism of the people with low talent originates in their lack of knowledge, thus causing them more trouble with their metacognitive judgments. Failure of these people to realize their incompetence is because of the fa ct that they are doubly cursed in that they are not only unable to make the right response but are also unable to differentiate between the right and wrong response. â€Å"[I]ncompetence means that people cannot successfully complete the task of metacognition, which, among its many meanings, refers to the ability to evaluate responses as correct or incorrect† (Dunning et al., 2003, p. 85). Others’

Literacy and First Graders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literacy and First Graders - Essay Example Looking at literacy and reading readiness at the academic and scholastic level, it is much easier to see the current issues and concerns in literature. Pre-reading skills are already considered to be of the most important in children learning to read quickly and successfully. These skills include, but are not limited to sight awareness of letters and common words, phonemic awareness, basic comprehension, writing skills, vocabulary, and word attack skills. Sight awareness suggests that children can fully recognize all letters in both lower and uppercase forms, and are able to recognize simple and common words (the, at, apple) regularly, with no assistance. This is perhaps the most crucial of all pre-reading skills, since children use this base to build vocabulary. Phonemic awareness is a child's understanding of what sounds a letter or a pair of letters makes, and how it can change from situation to situation. This recognition makes it possible for children to link a written and a spoken word in their mind. Basic comprehension deals with a child understanding what they have read or had read to them, and able to discuss what they hav e just read or heard. Basic comprehension skills are essential for successful readers, since it is not the ability to read a word, rather the ability to understand the word that is being tested. Writing skills are considered pre-reading skills, since they help children develop a physical understanding of how words are formed, and how letters are formed. Along with basic comprehension, writing is used to determine a child's literacy rate, rather than necessarily improve their ability to read. While increased reading has been proven to improve writing skills, there have been no recent studies suggesting that the opposite is true. Vocabulary is the words that a child knows, which help them to decode words that they are unfamiliar with. The greater a child's vocabulary, the greater chance they have of being successful in understanding a new word or idea. Vocabulary is built both through successful reading skills, and through comprehension of stories both read by the child and read to th e child. Finally, word attack skills are the child's ability to look at a word and to successfully decipher its' meaning, in the context in which it has been presented. The more willing to attack a word a child is, the greater chance they have of succeeding. These skills are all necessary pre-reading skills, and are presented in Tivnan and Hemphill's 2005 study of literacy programs in high poverty areas. By looking at children from high poverty areas, and from minority groups, it is clear that literacy is still a primary concern for the educational community. Children from low socioeconomic classes, particularly those from minority families, are at risk for developing poor literacy skills. These children enter school with less early literacy training, and are more likely to leave elementary school with an inadequate ability to read (Tivnan and Hemphill, 2005). Clearly, early introduction to pre-reading skills and literacy campaigns makes a significant difference in children's ability to excel at the reading task. Children from poor

Why Do You Want to Become a Child Development Associate Credential Essay Example for Free

Why Do You Want to Become a Child Development Associate Credential Essay My educational goal is to complete a Child Development Associate Credential, an Associates of Arts Degree, and a Bachelors’ of Arts Degree in Early Childhood Education. With a CDA I will be a lead teacher in the classroom; I will be able to plan developmentally appropriate activities for the children in my care. I will also have the basic fundamental understanding of Child Grow and Development, how to support children’s social and emotional development, how to plan a safe healthy environment, steps to advance children’s physical and intellectual development, strategies to establish a positive relationship with families, how to manage an effective program operation and most of all maintaining a commitment to professionalism. The Associates of Arts Degree with an emphasis in Early Childhood Education, will increase my level of expertise in the fundamentals of the CDA Credential, and provide me with a broad knowledge, the skills and training required to teach children from age zero to five year old. The practicum courses will provide opportunities to apply theoretical knowledge to planning and presenting curriculum. A Bachelor’s Degree will strengthen my education skills, while enhancing my understanding of the many aspects of children’s development and education. With the professionalism, expertise and communication skill needed, I will be able to take on a job as a director at a center, or teach up to the third grade in a public school. Education is very important in order to have a successful life. Without a proper education it is very difficult to reach your maximum potential. My career goal is to be a qualified early childhood education teacher. I chose this career path because I have always had an interest in children, and the way they develop: physically, intellectually, socially and emotionally, while being in an intimate multicultural environment. The abundance of knowledge children gain in the first five years of life is remarkable; it is amazing to watch them adapt to the environment both physically and socially. I delight in their curiosity, imagination, sense of adventure and playfulness. The emotional traits children’s develop at this tender age will be shape by the people they come into immediate contact with. I am privilege to have an influence on the development of children during their most impressionable years. I believe that the Early Education Studies will affect my future as a teacher a parent and as a member of my community.

Pepsi Co History and Company Analysis

Pepsi Co History and Company Analysis Pepsi Co Inc. has established itself as a dominant snack food and soft drink distributor with its PepsiCo North America, Pepsi Co International, Frito-Lay, and Quaker Oats segments. (Refer to exhibit 1) In 2007, PepsiCo became the worlds largest snack and beverage seller bringing in revenues of more than $39.5 billion and with its Frito-Lay merger brands accounting for 29 percent of the companys total revenues and 36 percent of the companys operating profits. The company emphasizes maintaining spectacular performance operations that were accomplished thorough strategies aimed at product innovation, creating and sustaining close relationships with distributors, international growth, and beneficial acquisitions. The company sported an impressive business portfolio in 2008 which included its brands such as Pepsi soft drink products, Frito-Lay, Quaker Oats products, Doritos, Gatorade, Tropicana, SoBe, Lipton Brisk tea, Propel, Hickory Sticks, SunChips Multigrain snacks, Aquafina, the acq uisition of Pizza Hutt, Gatorade, and several other consumer goods. The PepsiCo International division is an ever-growing sector in emerging markets such as Russia, The Middle East, China, and Turkey. The company grew by 9 percent in 2007 with volume gains and acquisitions that allowed the company to attain a 22 percent increase in division revenues and 15 percent increase in operating profits. (Gamble 433) The Quaker Oats division attained 2007 sales of $1.8 billion, and held a 58 percent market share in its North America division since 2006 (Gamble 435). PepsiCo has successfully diversified itself with different product lines and methods to improve those product lines so that they ensure customer satisfaction. The company has developed a diversification strategy that is executed through acquisitions of similar or complimentary products. Expanding into these markets not only creates consumer satisfaction, but increases shareholder value as well. With well established, diverse markets PepsiCo has secured business affiliations that benefit the company and allow it to compete better than they would alone. Since 2008, they have focused on new product innovations that addressed consumer health and wellness concerns. PepsiCo has diversified into a multi-business corporations, offering products through their four main business segments; PepsiCo North America, PepsiCo International, Frito-Lay, and Quaker Foods North America. Refer to exhibit 1 to see a complete list of products PepsiCo has been able to offer through their diversification stra tegy. A key competitive strength of PepsiCo is that it has close relationships and partnerships with distributors. PepsiCo has also established successful strategic acquisitions and continues its expansion into profitable markets. The company has adjusted its product innovation to create healthier products in response to consumer demands, thus creating better consumer value and a higher rate of return. The company capitalizes on its consumer research and development which helps it to apply strategies such as the Power of One strategy which increases the opportunity for consumers to purchase more than one PepsiCo and Frito-Lay product at a time on each visit. Dominant corporate strategies that support their many acquisitions of well know products have led to diversification of the company. Products are customized to suit the consumers preferences; for example, the company has designed their product tastes to country specific satisfaction. Because PepsiCo has created and maintained strong br and loyalty with its consumers, it continues to possess a significantly large portion of the food and beverage market shares.   The companys business units have been able to successfully cut costs. Frito-Lay and Quaker had savings of   $40 million for their joint distribution and Quaker Oats saved $ 160 million in innovative packing materials and sharing specific product ingredients. The company also redesigned their shipping methods to reduce stock-outs in retail stores.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many ways companies try to maximize the value of their shareholders.   Some of the strategies that CEOs of companies may use to maximize the value of their shareholders are reducing company costs while at the same time maintaining a stable revenue levels. Another way that companies maximize shareholder wealth is by partaking in acquisitions of companies. Acquirin companies however is an often risky business venture for a company to undertake. PepsiCo is an example of how acquiring various business ventures in turn benefited the shareholders of the company. The various acquisitions that PepsiCo partook in had a gross value of two billion nine hundred and twenty two dollars. This increased the revenues of PepsiCo substantially by a twenty billion dollar increase from 2000 to 2007.   This increase in revenues being brought in, in turn increases the value of the issued stock. You can see the gradual increase in the price of commo n stock in exhibit ____.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A strong driving factor in the maximization of shareholder value is the CEO Indra Nooyi. Her tenure as an employee of PepsiCo has yielded only improvements for the company as a whole. She was seen as a negotiator and involved in many of the acquisitions that were very profitable for PepsiCo. She built her reputation with various acquisitions such as the Tropicana acquisition in 1998 and the 2001 acquisition of Quaker Oats. She also spearheaded the public offering of Pepsis bottling operations. The hard work of Nooyi at PepsiCo has made the company a multi-billion dollar company. Bringing in the substantial additional revenue increased PepsiCos net worth which also made the stock of Pepsi rise in value also which is beneficial for those who invested good deals of money in this company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PepsiCo appeared to always have a handle on their revenues and knows at what levels to price their goods at as to not lose customers base. Looking at their financial summary, exhibit ___ you will notice that from 1998 to 2007 there has been a steady increase in the revenues brought in which affects the value of the shares of common stock as well that are increasing at a corresponding rate.   Pepsi Co has proved to be a company that truly does have the resources to remain a leader in the carbonated beverage industry. Even when Coca-Cola tried to be the leader in the carbonated beverage market holding a little more than forty percent of the market shares, PepsiCo held a little over 30 percent of the market shares.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at Exhibit ____ you will see the break down of PepsiCos net cash provided by operating activities. You will notice that they have a decent amount of Management operating cash flows that can be disbursed or used for benefit of the company. Part of the managers operating cash flows could be used to try and acquire more food or beverage products that would make their product base more diverse. They could also use part of the money to put towards having Pepsi or Tropicana products served in new restaurant chains. PepsiCo clearly have a surplus of money from operating activities that could be put toward their Research and development team so that they can improve the products that they are already have. Another way they could disperse their managements cash flow is by looking to acquire or merge with a manufacturer of candy or a sweet of some sort. PepsiCo is well versed in the variety of snack foods that they offer when it comes to sal ty snack spending the time and money to find a sweet snack would benefit them. This would in turn would bring in more money to Pepsi and increase their stock prices which would in turn increase the value of their shareholders. If a sweet snack was added to Pepsis line of products it would compliment the notion of wanting to eat something sweet after you eat something salty, and vise versa. This would bring in more revenue which in turn would give PepsiCo more operating cash flows to work with n the future and become a very powerful company. We do not recommend PepsiCo to divest any Quaker brands since the acquisition provided PepsiCo a stable platform to enter the health foods and isotonic beverage market. PepsiCos portfolio is established in 2011 with a good mix of carbonated beverages, isotonic beverages, fruit flavored beverages, fruit juices, salty and savory snacks, cereals and other health foods and drinks. (Refer to exhibit __ If they were to divest any Quaker Oats brands. PepsiCo could harm its portfolio and decrease its shareholder value, lower stock prices and lower economies of scale. Also, it is possible that the brand could be acquired by another company and pose as a threat to PepsiCo. We recommend PepsiCo to acquire or form a merger with RedBull. Red Bull holds a 70 percent share of the world market for energy drinks, or functional beverages, a category it was largely responsible for building (Red Bull GMBH). The biggest isotonic beverage brand Gatorade is already under PepsiCo. Adding Red Bull to their portfolio would create higher shareholder value and increase revenues. The volume share for energy drinks on the PepsiCo portfolio was only 1% in 2007. We believe that there is great potential for an increase if Red Bull is acquired or merged with. Also, with PepsiCos strategy of better-for-you and good-for-you products, PepsiCo could encourage Red Bull manufacturers to use different types of healthier sweeteners which would increase sales and publicity for Red Bull and PepsiCos health awareness. Having Red Bull on their portfolio of products would also give PepsiCo a better market share and add value to the brand for appealing to various consumer demands. Refer to exhibit___ to see PepsiCos current market share.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PepsiCos current portfolio has a wide variety of snacks, beverages, and cereal catering to all types of demands including health conscious consumers. Refer to exhibit 1 to see a full list of PepsoCos snacks,   beverage and Quaker Oats Brands. We recommend PepsiCo to acquire or merge with a candy company to add a different product to their portfolio. Mars Incorporated, has strong brands such as Mars, Snickers, MMs, Whiskas, Uncle Bens, Dove, Extra, Orbit, Flavia, Pedigree, and Royal Cannin on their portfolio. A merger or acquisition with Mars incorporated would give PepsiCo a wide variety and add to their existing brands which will make them achieve greater economies of scale. Through such a merger or acquisition, PepsiCo will be able to cater to the consumer population that they are unable to reach with their existing products. They will also be able to cater to consumers with pets with popular brands like Pedigree and Royal Cannin that are a part of Mars Incorporated.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The corporate strategy recommended for PepsiCo is the Best Cost Provider Strategy. The essence of a best cost provider strategy is giving customers more value for the money by satifsying buyer desires for appealing features/performance/quality service and charging a lower price for these attributes compared to rivals with similar caliber product offerings (Gamble111). We recommend PepsiCo to implement this strategy into their business by cutting costs and lowering prices to cater to those who enjoy PepsiCo products but are not able to afford them any longer due to the current recession. Also offering those products at a lower price will give them a competitive edge against Coca Cola which is one of their biggest rivals. In order for the Best Cost Provider Strategy to work, a company must have the capability to incorporate attractive or upscale attributes at a lower cost than rivals (Gamble111). PepsiCo has the capability to out compete Coca Cola by focusing on their core competencies through the value chain and by eliminating costs that do not add value. In addition to the recommendations above, we also recommend PepsiCo to focus more on their Good-for-you and Better-for-you products. With an increasing population of health conscious citizens, PepsiCo should enter a line of Organic ready to eat products and beverages apart from the Naked Juice products. Quaker Oats brand is already known for healthy food like oatmeal, cereals, granola bars, and etcetra. We recommend PepsiCo to focus more attention to ready made, ready to eat foods like noodles, organic tv dinners, and quick organic lunch options. EXHIBIT 1 Breakfast Bars/Granola Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Chewy Granola Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Dipps Granola Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Fruit Oatmeal Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker Fruit Oatmeal Toastables  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal-to-Go Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Bars  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Squares Coffee Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Starbucks Doubleshot  Ã‚ ² Starbucks Frappuccino  Ã‚ ² Starbucks Iced Coffee Energy Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Amp Energy Energy Drinks  Ã‚ ² No Fear Energy Drinks  Ã‚ ² SoBe Energy Drinks Tea/Lemonade:  Ã‚ ² Brisk  Ã‚ ² Lipton Iced Tea  Ã‚ ² Lipton PureLeaf  Ã‚ ² SoBe Tea  Ã‚ ² Tazo Tea Juice/Juice Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Amp Energy Juice  Ã‚ ² Dole Juice/ Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² Dole Plus Fortified Juices  Ã‚ ² Dole Sensation Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² IZZE Sparkling Juice  Ã‚ ² Ocean Spray Juice/Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² Naked Juice  Ã‚ ² SoBe Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² SoBe Lean Diet Juice Drink  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Trop50 Beverages  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Pure Premium Juices  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Twister Juice Drinks  Ã‚ ² Tropicana Tropics Oatmeal/Cereals:  Ã‚ ² Capn Crunch Cereal  Ã‚ ² King Vitaman Cereal  Ã‚ ² Kretschmer Toasted Wheat Germ  Ã‚ ² Life Cereal  Ã‚ ² Mothers Ready-to-Eat Hot Cereals  Ã‚ ² Quaker Essentials  Ã‚ ² Quaker Grits  Ã‚ ² Quaker Instant Oatmeal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Natural Granola Cereal Oatmeal/Cereals Cont:  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal Breakfast Squares  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oatmeal-to-Go  Ã‚ ² Quaker Oh!s Cereal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Puffed Rice  Ã‚ ² Quaker Shredded Wheat Cereal  Ã‚ ² Quaker Squares Cereal  Ã‚ ² Quisp Cereal Other:  Ã‚ ² Amp Energy Gum  Ã‚ ² Aunt Jemima Mixes Syrups  Ã‚ ² Quaker Baking Mixes Rice Snacks:  Ã‚ ² Quaker Large Rice Cakes  Ã‚ ² Quaker Mini Delights  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Rice Snacks  Ã‚ ² Quaker Tortillaz  Ã‚ ² Quaker True Delights Fiber Crisps Side Dishes:  Ã‚ ² Near East Side Dishes  Ã‚ ² Pasta Roni Side Dishes  Ã‚ ² Rice-A-Roni Side Dishes Snacks:  Ã‚ ² Baked! Doritos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² Baked! Lays Potato Crisps  Ã‚ ² Baked! Ruffles Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Baked! Tostitos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² Baken-ets Pork Skins and Cracklins  Ã‚ ² Cheetos Snacks  Ã‚ ² Chesters Popcorn  Ã‚ ² Cracker Jack Candy Coated Popcorn  Ã‚ ² Doritos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² El Isleno Plantain Chips  Ã‚ ² Frito-Lay, Fritos and Cheetos Snack Crackers  Ã‚ ² Frito-Lay, Fritos and Tostitos Dips Salsas  Ã‚ ² Frito-Lay Nuts Seeds  Ã‚ ² Fritos Corn Chips  Ã‚ ² Funyons Onion Flavored Rings  Ã‚ ² Gamesa Cookies and Wafers  Ã‚ ² Grandmas Cookies  Ã‚ ² Hickory Sticks  Ã‚ ² Hostess Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Lays Kettle Cooked Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Lays Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Lays Stax Potato Crisps Snacks Cont:  Ã‚ ² Matador Meat Snacks  Ã‚ ² Maui Style Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Miss Vickys Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Munchies Snack Mix  Ã‚ ² Munchos Potato Crisps  Ã‚ ² Natural Cheetos  Ã‚ ² Natural Lays  Ã‚ ² Natural Tostitos  Ã‚ ² Quaker Soy Crisps  Ã‚ ² Quaker Quakes  Ã‚ ² Rold Gold Pretzels  Ã‚ ² Ruffles Potato Chips  Ã‚ ² Sabritones Puffed Wheat Snacks  Ã‚ ² Santitas Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² Smartfood Popcorn  Ã‚ ² Spitz  Ã‚ ² Stacys  Ã‚ ² SunChips Multigrain Snacks  Ã‚ ² Tostitos Tortilla Chips  Ã‚ ² TrueNorth  Ã‚ ² Wavy Lays Potato Chips Soft Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Diet Pepsi  Ã‚ ² Diet Mountain Dew  Ã‚ ² Diet Sierra Mist  Ã‚ ² Mountain Dew  Ã‚ ² Mug Soft Drinks  Ã‚ ² Pepsi  Ã‚ ² Sierra Mist Sports Drinks:  Ã‚ ² Gatorade Prime 01  Ã‚ ² Gatorade Thirst Quencher Perform 02  Ã‚ ² G2 Perform 02  Ã‚ ² Gatorade Recover 03 Water:  Ã‚ ² Aquafina  Ã‚ ² Aquafina FlavorSplash  Ã‚ ² Aquafina Sparkling  Ã‚ ² Ethos Water  Ã‚ ² Propel Vitamin Enhanced Water Beverage  Ã‚ ² SoBe Lifewater Vitamin Enhanced Water Beverage EXHIBIT 2 PEPSICO TIMELINE 1965 PepsiCo, Inc. is founded (Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay) The new company reports sales of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $510 million and has 19,000 employees. 1966 Doritos brand tortilla chips are introduced. Pepsi enters Japan and Eastern Europe 1968 Growth through acquisition 1970 PepsiCo sales pass the $1 billion mark. The company has 36,000 employees.. Pepsi is the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. 1974 PepsiCo sales pass the $2 billion mark. Pepsi-Cola becomes the first American consumer product to be produced, marketed and sold in the former Soviet Union. 1976 Pepsi-Cola becomes the single largest selling soft drink brand sold in U.S. supermarkets. 1977 Acquisition of Pizza Hut Passes $3 billion in sales. 1978 Acquisition of Taco Bell 1984 Diet Pepsi is reformulated with 100% NutraSweet. Pepsi-Cola makes advertising history as Michael Jackson and his brothers usher in a new generation of Pepsi-Cola advertising. 1985   PepsiCo is now the largest company in the beverage industry. The company has revenues of more than $7.5 billion, more than 137,000 employees. Pepsi-Cola products are available in nearly 150 countries and territories around the world. Snack food operations are in 10 international markets. 1986 Acquisition KFC Purchases 7UP International PepsiCo is listed on the Tokyo stock exchange. 1989 PepsiCo enters top 25 of Fortune 500 ranking with sales of $15.4 billion, it is number 23. The company has more than 300,000 employees. 1992- Pepsi-Cola begins distribution of Liptons line of ready-to-drink teas nationwide. 1994 PepsiCo and Starbucks form the North American Coffee Partnership to jointly develop ready-to-drink coffee beverages. PepsiCo sales reach $30.4 billion. There are 470,000 employees worldwide, making PepsiCo the third largest employer. 1997 Frito-Lay announces plans to buy the 104-year-old snack, Cracker Jack, a candy-coated mix of popcorn and peanuts from Borden Foods Corp. 1998 PepsiCo acquires Tropicana Products 2001 Acquisition of the Quaker Oats 2002 Frito-Lay announces it is eliminating trans fats from Doritos, Tostitos, and Cheetos. 2005   Quaker Introduces Weight Control Instant Oatmeal PepsiCo Donates $2 Million to Pakistan Earthquake Victims 2006 PepsiCos brand SoBe Launches New SoBe Life Water Cold Stone Creamery announces a multi-year agreement making Pepsi its exclusive beverage supplier Frito-Lay North America signed agreement with the Alliance for a Healthier Generation for a new policy for selling foods in schools Federal Trade Commission clears PepsiCo for Naked Juice Co. purchase 2008 PepsiCos diversification strategy built into three new divisions. PepsiCo agrees to buy Bulgarias Leading Nuts and Seeds Company EXHIBIT 3- SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS WEAKNESESS OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

My Favorite Place to Vacation

Attitude/Point: Others will feel the same way about their favorite place to visit for their own specific reasons. and I have noticed that most people visit places because of the weather, and the stress relief you get when you take a vacation.Audience: Individuals or families who are looking for a serene place to vacation to or visit. People who vacation frequently or retirees would benefit from this.Purpose: I will be sharing this opinion to inform the reader of fond memories that can be obtained by visiting Southport and the pleasurable atmosphere.Topic Sentence: My favorite place to visit is Southport, North Carolina because it has relaxing beaches, great weather, and the people there are friendly.Brainstorm List of Possible Examples:Able to read booksClear mind by gazing out into the waterCool breeze throughout the day and nightLocals speak each time you come into contactSentence Outline:My favorite place to visit is Southport, North Carolina because it has relaxing beaches, great weather, and the people there are friendly. To start with, Southport has one of the most relaxing beaches; it helps people relieve stress and focus. For instance, during the school year I am living in the mountains of North Carolina, which can be a very stressful and demanding of me; nonetheless during my summer break I can be found in Southport at the beach.When I finally get to Southport, on the beach, I just lie out in the sun and gaze out at the water and read books, without a care or thought entering my brain. Southport is also my favorite place to  visit because of the weather being so pleasant; it is not to hot but also not to cold.For example, each day during the summer though it is rather warm there is always a cool breeze that will change your entire attitude about the day and the temperature. Lastly, I like to visit Southport because the people are so welcoming, which makes it so much more enjoyable and serene.Each and every time I go on a walk or bike ride, everyone i s continuously speaking to you and have a word or two more to say. The locals are always walking around with a smile willing to engage in any way to help. In a nutshell, even though I only visit Southport during the summer this is why it is my favorite place to vacation.

Marketing Cars Effectively By Knowing Your Customers Well

Brand new cars are usually attractive to a certain demographic market: better income generating men and women with urban lifestyles and parents, especially fathers. People purchase products or services for three basic reasons: to satisfy basic needs, to solve problems and to make them selves feel good (Guille, 2007). One of the basic needs that a car would be able to answer is of course is the necessity of transportation. Another need it answers is the need to belong which is an intrinsic motivation to affiliate with others and be socially accepted. (Van Wagner, 2007) If one would surf the pages of the website of Toyota, this basic need is met by the selling points that car manufacturers give. â€Å"Buy a Camry Hybrid now, and you may be eligible for Federal Tax Benefits. Plus, several states now allow single-occupant use of the carpool lane for Camry Hybrid.† (Toyota Motors Sales, 2007) is Toyota’s way of showing that if one purchases a Camry, he or she will be socially accepted enough to have tax benefits and permission to use the carpool lane. People with disability have a great need to be socially accepted and General Motors addresses this issue by providing the GM Mobility Reimbursement Program that says, â€Å"General Motors is committed to helping persons with disabilities equip their vehicles for easier and safer travel† (General Motors Corporation, 2007). Targeting the male population is what Volvo does best by showing how the Volvo Your Concept car was conceptualized: â€Å"If you meet the expectations of women, you exceed the expectations of me. – Marti Barletta, Gender Trend specialist.   (Volvo Car Corporation, 2007). People, especially parents, are always concerned about safety and car manufacturers recognize this need with the establishment of certain accessories to their products. Some of Toyota’s safety features for the Camry are airbags, Front and rear crumple zones and side-impact door beams and Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) [20] with Traction Control (TRAC) that ensures less danger when the roads are slippery. General Motors   has the OnStar facility that provides a built in phone that a driver can use hands free. Also, when the airbags are deployed, these send signals to GMC so that if the driver cannot call emergency, OnStar staff would be able to detect where the accident happened and rescue will thus be sent. Volvo’s Safety Concept Car has Cue transparent window pillars, infra-red night vision and seats, controls and pedals that move to ensure the driver is at the best possible position. Toyota has been able to avoid nuances of forgetting to turn off interior lights by a battery-saver that deactivates these after 20 minutes. General Motors has the remote door unlock, wherein people who have mistakenly left the car keys inside their automatic locking cars can be helped. Car manufacturers are great in showing how owning their cars can be a source of pride. Toyota uses phrases like â€Å"comfortable interior modifies to your changing life,† and â€Å"Bigger. Wider. More powerful† to coax a customer’s self-esteem. General Motors on the other hand, offers GM:OnStar vehicle diagnostics which makes the owner feel like a boss by getting instant and regular reports on how to maintain the car. Volvo is the best among them in fueling pride by putting very comfortable accessories like a trunk containing chilled and heated compartment and the ability to connect to your entertainment library at home. Car manufacturers like Toyota, General Motors and Volvo have done their marketing assignments well by completely fulfilling the needs of their target markets and this ensures their leading positions in their industry. References General Motors Corporation. (2007). Driving Confidence with OnStar. Retrieved May 23, 2007 from http://www.gm.com/ Guille, M. (2007). How To Find And Sell To Your Target Market. Retrieved May 25, 2007, from http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/marketing/a/targetmarket_2.htm Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. (2007). Camry ’07. Retrieved May 23, 2007. Van Wagner, K. (2007). Need to Belong. Retrieved May 25, 2007, from Volvo Car Corporation. (2007). Volvo Concept Cars. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://www.volvocars.com/All-Cars/conceptcars/            

Interesting Facts about Presidents` Day

Interesting Facts about Presidents` Day The Celebration of Presidents’ Day in the USA Presidents` Day is an American national holiday, which is celebrated on the third Monday of February. This holiday is also known as the birthday of the first US President, George Washington. However, later, this holiday became the celebration honoring all US Presidents. This day was proclaimed a federal holiday in 1879. The first attempt to celebrate this holiday on the third Monday of February took place in 1968, but it failed. However, later, in February 1971 it was accepted. This holiday has different names in different states, but the purpose is the same to praise the fame of all US Presidents, as people who changed the world`s history. Curious Facts about Presidents` DayGeorge Washington`s Birthday/Presidents` Day is considered a federal holiday in the United States. Although the official date of Washington`s birthday is 22 February, the holiday is celebrated on the third Monday of February. George Washington`s birthday was celebrated in the US even while he was still alive. This date was accompanied with various festivals and parties. Washington was born in 1732 and met his death in 1799. George Washington was one of a few US presidents who ruled the country for two terms. His unique style of leadership and personal skills made people believe him and support his candidacy. Before becoming the US President, Washington built a brilliant military career. Thus, under his leadership, the US Continental Army defeated the British Army in 1783. Many of contemporary Americans consider this politician as the most influential one in the US history. President Rutherford B. Hayes wanted to recognize the incredible achievements of George Washington and suggested to make his birthday a federal holiday. The birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the President who ended the institute of slavery, falls closely to Washington`s one, but it is not celebrated as the national holiday. The capital of the United States, Washington DC, is called after the name of this great President. Cherries are the most popular product for making desserts on this day. This fact is closely connected with the life of George Washington when he claimed that he would never cut down a cherry tree. Surprisingly enough, but this day has become the date when retailers make major sales making huge discounts on the old stock. In schools, teachers organize lessons in honor of the great politician explaining to their students what events led to the holiday. Some people spell the name of the holiday as President`s Day, and some prefer to say Presidents` Day. The spelling demonstrates the individual`s position towards the holiday. Some people believe that not only Washington did his best to improve the country`s well-being, so they want to praise other Presidents as well. Although Presidents` Day is a national holiday, it is celebrated in different ways in different states.

Die Lorelei by German Poet Heinrich Heine

Die Lorelei by German Poet Heinrich Heine Heinrich Heine was born in Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany. He was known as Harry  until he converted to Christianity when he was in his 20s. His father was a successful textile merchant and Heine followed in his fathers footsteps by studying business. He soon realized he did not have much aptitude for business and switched over to law. While at the university, he became known for his poetry. His first book was a collection of his travel memoirs called Reisebilder (Travel Pictures) in 1826. Heine was one of the most influential German poets in the 19th century, and German authorities tried to suppress him because of his radical political views. He was also known for his lyrical prose, which was set to music by classical greats, such as Schumann, Schubert, and Mendelssohn. The Lorelei One of Heines famous poems, Die Lorelei, is based on a German legend of an enchanting, seducing mermaid who lures seamen to their death. It has been set to music by numerous composers, such as Friedrich Silcher and Franz Liszt.   Here is Heines poem:   Ich weiss nicht, was soll es bedeuten,Dass ich so traurig bin;Ein Mrchen aus alten Zeiten,Das kommt mir nicht aus dem Sinn.Die Luft ist kà ¼hl, und es dunkelt,Und ruhig fliesst der Rhein;Der Gipfel des Berges funkeltIm Abendsonnenschein.Die schà ¶nste Jungfrau sitzetDort oben wunderbar,Ihr goldenes Geschmeide blitzet, Sie kmmt ihr goldenes Haar.Sie kmmt es mit goldenem KammeUnd singt ein Lied dabei;Das hat eine wundersame,Gewaltige Melodei.Den Schiffer im kleinen SchiffeErgreift es mit wildem Weh;Er schaut nicht die Felsenriffe,Er schat nur hinauf in die Hà ¶h.Ich glaube, die Welllen verschlingenAm Ende Schiffer und Kahn;Und das hat mit ihrem SingenDie Lorelei getan. English translation (not always translated literally): I dont know what it meansThat I am so sadA legend of  bygone daysThat I cannot keep out of my mind. The air is cool and night is coming.The calm Rhine courses its way.The peak of the mountain dazzlesWith evenings final ray.The fairest of maidens is sittingUp there, a beautiful delight,Her golden jewels are shining,Shes combing her golden hair.She holds a golden comb,Singing along, as wellAn enthrallingAnd spellbinding melody.In his little boat, the boatmanIs seized by it with a savage woe.He does not look upon the rocky ledgeBut rather high up into the heavens.I think that the waves will devourThe boatman and boat in the endAnd this by her songs sheer powerFair Loreley has done. Heines Later Writings In Heines later writings, readers will note an increased measure of irony, sarcasm, and wit. He often ridiculed sappy romanticism and over exuberant portrayals of nature. Though Heine loved his German roots, he often critiqued Germanys contrasting sense of nationalism.  Eventually, Heine left Germany, tired of its harsh censorship, and lived in France for the last 25 years of his life. A decade before he died, Heine became ill and never recovered. Though he was bedridden for the next 10 years, he still produced a fair amount of work, including work in Romanzero und Gedichte and Lutezia, a collection of political articles. Heine did not have any children. When he died in 1856, he left behind his much younger French wife. The cause of his death is believed to be from chronic lead poisoning.

Motorolas Chances in the Wireless Market as of Today Case Study

Motorolas Chances in the Wireless Market as of Today - Case Study Example The market today is rapidly changing as the rise in technology continually affects the future of the use of the mobile technology. Most mobile companies have come up with mobile devices in order to match the harsh competition in the market, just like the Motorola Company. Motorola has hit the wireless market remarkably by its contribution with the wireless devices. The Company has made wireless network infrastructure including the handheld computers, mobile phones, and other security management softwares. Their products are made designed to offer flexibility in the current global network. They provide communication in the real time, which is fundamental to providing solutions to today’s challenges (Burda 2). The Motorola Company has moved up to embrace the wireless technology that is today the common means of communication. So far, the Motorola Company has grown up to meet the competition in the wireless market. Motorola has not only provided the latest mobile devices but has also come up with solutions to the demand of rapid communication in the mobile industry. Thus, Motorola has come up with mobile devices that enhance connectivity, safety, and productivity that lead to everyday solutions to communication challenges. Unlike other mobile companies, Motorola has penetrated rapidly and has been on the forefront, to ensure the delivery of the latest products to the market. In this regard, Motorola has today grown significant as its mobile devices are used widely in the leading industries such as the hospitality industry (Burda 5). The technology industry has since adjusted to making products, which are appropriate to the use of the internet and other new applications. Their devices are safe for use in the schools and colleges. Motorola has since been available to all market segments. Today, Motorola is looks forward to release other devices that will enhance high speed connectivity and improve communication and internet access worldwide.

IDPS Latest Roundup Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IDPS Latest Roundup - Article Example 280) We worked as transformation leaders and managed to achieve the objectives for full utilisation of IDPS with greater success. We have been working to achieve fully automated systems through the use of Autodesk Revit ROBOT Structural Analysis and Autodesk Ecotet. Today, experts are using these systems to determine the type of framing material to meet their low CO2 emissions target as the changes in the method of building production is required and high degree of accuracy is needed in building production to satisfy the clients to meet the global challenges in building construction (Kim and Haas 764). One of the major setbacks of conventional word processing systems is that they are not able to adjust to the changing requirements. Some feel the learning curve is steep while others feel the errors in conventional word processing systems are very high (Pritschow et al. 280). Additionally, the need for using automated office tools is being realized by more and more offices. One of the inherent qualities of automated office tools such as Integrated Document Production System is their ease of use and its user friendly functions. IDPS utilized for the construction industry will integrate various important software products such as Orion, Autodesk and Atlas Pro. This will facilitate the structural engineers to get accurate measurements of the steel members of buildings. In early 2012, the IDPS group started using IT as a conventional method used for preparing architectural drawings and designs, as the process of preparation of tender documents was time consuming and difficult to work. The drawbacks of the conventional system were - †¢ The designs overlapped and with inadequate support for the management, it created a lack of coordination within the team members. †¢ The design process took 1-2 months, architectural drawings 3-4 months; structural drawing 3-4 months, mechanism electrical drawings 3-4 months, submission 1-2 months and the preparation of bill o f quantities took 3-4 months. Moreover, for the preparation of tender stage it took 20 months. †¢ The lack of coordination reduced the efficiency. †¢ Unnecessary pressure was created on resources and time, ultimately resulting in delay in implementation. †¢ The process involved lots of manual calculations resulting in human based calculation errors and delays, due to which the buildings in Brunei were not able to appear advanced. Advantages of using Integrated Document Production System The Integrated Document Production System which was started by the Department of Technical Services under the e-Government initiative has been successful in achieving the needed efficiency in preparing tender documents and implementing projects (Kahane and Rosenfeld 764). The tools which were included by the IDPS were - Autodesk Revit Architecture, Autodesk Revit Structure, Orion, Autedesk Revit MEP and Atlas Pro. Automation and use of robots speeded up the working, drawing preparation and improving the management of project; additionally improving coordination and integration of the project. It reduced the time needed for completing the projects and provided the needed rationale which worked on tender documents. Further, it was able to provide the analysis of the structure. IT was used to get the information that can be stored in one database and it allowed the administrator to handle and analyse the data in a better way. It also provided improved coordination in the construction industry in the field of quantity surveying, engineering,

RESORT MANAGEMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RESORT MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example c. The resort would include 4 main luxury suites and 12 executive double rooms with additional facilities like local sightseeing services, shuttle systems, laundry facilities, restaurants, buffet breakfast options, free internet connection and room services like spa therapy. The service provided by the resort would include both the primary services and a number of augmented services. d. The main departments relevant to the resort would include a tourism management department, operations management department, human resources department and accounting and finance departments (Abrams and Abrams 56). e. The target market trends include increasing interest towards visiting these kinds of places for adventure sports and preference to spend more money for getting high quality service and experience. The visiting trends of the tourist are similar in both winter and summer seasons which mean that the resort is likely to generate good business all round the year (Predeaux 102). a. The resort is expected to add value to the host community. The establishment of the new business would create employment opportunities for the local people and thus create economic opportunities in the area. Also, the local suppliers of products and services required for the hospitality industry would benefit from the scopes of providing their products to the new resort. The investments in the resort would also improve the economic scenario of the area and contribute to the revenue generation of the area. b. However, the equipments and installations required for the skiing and other sporting activities provided by the resort like the gondola services and rope tows may disrupt the local habitats of the area. The deforestation of some areas for establishing the skiing facilities and the accommodation spaces may lead to harmful impacts on the environment. The original ecosystem may be damaged by the establishment of the resort and its ancillary services.

Aqa as Philosophy Revision Notes †Reason and Experience Essay Example for Free

Aqa as Philosophy Revision Notes – Reason and Experience Essay Knowledge and Belief †¢ People can believe things that aren’t true. †¢ For you to know something, it must be true and you must believe it. †¢ Beliefs can be true or false. †¢ Beliefs can accidentally be true, but it isn’t knowledge. Types of Knowledge †¢ Analytic – true by definition – â€Å"Squares have 4 sides†. †¢ Synthetic – not analytic, true or false in the way the word is – â€Å"Ripe tomatoes are red†. †¢ A priori – doesn’t require sense experience to know – â€Å"all bachelors are unmarried†. †¢ A posteriori – can be established through sense experience – â€Å"Snow is white†. All Analytic propositions are known a priori. This doesn’t mean that all a priori propositions are analytic. The main question is â€Å"Are all synthetic propositions a posteriori? † i. e; do we have some knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience? It is this question that forms the debate between rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism vs. Empiricism †¢ Main dividing questions are: â€Å"What are the sources of knowledge? †, â€Å"How do we acquire it? †, â€Å"How do we get concepts? †. †¢ Rationalism gives an important role to reason. †¢ Empiricism gives an important role to the senses. †¢ Why can’t we use both in acquiring knowledge? Rationalism. †¢ Rationalism claims that we can have synthetic a priori knowledge of the external world. Empiricism denies this. †¢ Rationalists argue that it’s possible for us to know some synthetic propositions about the world outside our own minds, e. g. Maths and morality. Empiricists argue that it is not. †¢ Both rationalists and empiricists accept that we naturally have certain thoughts and feelings inside our minds. Empiricism †¢ An advantage of empiricism is that it allows us to quickly see how we ascertain our knowledge – through our senses by perceiving how the world is, which is a causal process – it requires no mental reasoning. †¢ Empiricists also claim that this is how we acquire our concepts – through our senses. †¢ Once we understand the acquired concepts, we gain analytic knowledge. If we have knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience – how do we get this knowledge? Rationalists argue that we either gain this knowledge from ‘rational intuition’ or ‘insight’, which allows us to gain this knowledge intellectually, or we just know these truths innately as part of our rational nature. Rationalists may also argue that some, or even all of our concepts are innate of come from rational insight. Do All Ideas Derive From Sense Experience? John Locke – Mind as a ‘Tabula Rasa’ †¢ Locke argues that all ideas derive from sense experience. †¢ He says that the mind at birth is a ‘tabula rasa’ – a blank slate that gets filled up with ideas from the senses. †¢ He refutes the claim of ‘innate ideas’. †¢ Ideas can either be part of a proposition: â€Å"He had the idea that it would be fun to take the day off†; or they can be concepts: â€Å"the idea of yellow†. †¢ Locke says that all our concepts derive from sense experience, and that we have no knowledge prior to sense experience. From Locke’s definition of ‘innate idea’, it follows that everyone with a mind should have the same ideas. However, there is no truth that every person (including people lacking reasoning skills) can assent and agree to. So perhaps, with Locke’s definition, innate ideas are ones that we known as soon as we gain the use of reason. Locke refutes this, saying that we aren’t lacking reason but the knowledge of ideas. For example, a child can’t know that â€Å"4 + 5 = 9† until the child can count up to 9 and has the idea of equality. It is the same thing as knowing that an apple is not a stick – it’s not a development of reason, just the gaining of knowledge of ideas. So therefore, if we must first acquire the concepts involved (through sense experience), the proposition cannot be innate, as no proposition is innate unless the concepts used are innate. Locke argues that the mind has no concepts from birth, and so no truths or concepts can be innate. A Different definition of ‘innate idea’ †¢ Locke’s definition and argument against innate ideas hasn’t been criticized †¢ People who believe in innate ideas don’t accept Locke’s definition †¢ Nativists maintain the view that innate ideas are those which cannot be gained from experience †¢ Nativists tend to argue on how concepts or knowledge can’t be acquired from sense experience †¢ Because we don’t know all concepts from birth, there is some point when we become aware of our concepts †¢ Rationalists argue that experience triggers our awareness of our innate concepts. Experience as a ‘Trigger’ †¢ Children begin to use certain ideas at certain time, and their capacities develop, so why can’t their concepts and knowledge also develop? †¢ Children begin to use certain ideas at certain times †¢ Experience still plays a role – a child must be exposed to the relevant stimuli for the knowledge to emerge, e. g.language. †¢ An idea is innate if it cannot be derived or justified by sense experience. Empiricists on Arguing Concepts John Locke 1. The senses let in ideas 2. These ideas furnish an ‘empty cabinet’ 3. The mind grows familiar with these ideas and they’re lodged in one’s memory 4. The mind then abstracts them, and learns general names for them 5. The mind then has ideas and the language by which it can describe them †¢ However, what does it mean to ‘let in ideas’? †¢ We contrast ideas with sensations, e. g. the sensation of yellow isn’t the same as the concept of yellow †¢ Locke fails to make this distinction David Hume †¢ Hume believes that we are directly aware of ‘perceptions’ †¢ Perceptions are then divided into ‘impressions’ and ‘ideas’ †¢ Both Locke and Hume divide impressions into ‘impressions of sensation’ and ‘impressions of reflection’ †¢ Impressions of sensation come from our sense data and that which we directly perceive †¢ Impressions of reflection derive from the experience of our mind, such as feeling emotions. †¢ Hume says that ideas are ‘faint copies’ of impressions †¢ Therefore, there are ideas of sensation (e. g. the idea of red) and ideas of reflection (e. g. the feeling of sadness, happiness) †¢ Concepts are a type of idea. †¢ Hume’s theory of how we acquire ideas (from copying them from impressions) is a theory of how we acquire concepts) †¢ Locke and Hume both have slightly different versions of how we acquire ideas with which we can think †¢ We start with experiences of the physical world which we get from sense data and experiences of our mind †¢ For Locke, this gives us ideas once we employ our memory to reflect on these experiences †¢ According to Locke, this makes it sound that the remembered experiences are the ideas with which we think †¢ Hume corrects this, and says that we remember and think with the copies of the sensory impressions. Simple and complex concepts †¢ A complex idea is just an idea made up of several different ideas, e. g. a complex idea (a dog) is made up of simple ideas like shape, colour and smell. †¢ This complex idea has a complex impression †¢ We can therefore form complex ideas by abstraction. †¢ As an objection, rationalism raises the question of where do non-empirical ideas come from? †¢ Empiricism is appealing, as we seem to intuitively trust our senses and it easily answers such questions. †¢ However, there are complex ideas that correspond to nothing from our sense experience, e. g. unicorns or God. †¢ So do all ideas derive from sense experience? †¢ Empiricists argue that these complex ideas are made up from simple ideas, which are copies of impressions (e. g. a unicorn is the simple concepts of a horse, a horn, and the colour white, and combined together they give us a unicorn) †¢ Hume and Locke argue that when creating complex ideas, one can only work with the materials that our impressions provide – simple ideas †¢ Complex ideas are no more than altering or abstracting these simple ideas †¢ Therefore, empiricists answer this rationalist objection So Are There Innate Concepts? †¢ What would an empiricists’ analysis of complex concepts like self, causality, substance, etc.be? †¢ These concepts must either be innate, or reached using a priori reasoning †¢ Hume accepts that these complex concepts cannot be derived from experience †¢ However, he states that each of these concepts has no application †¢ These concepts are confused, and we should always use concepts that can be derived from experience †¢ For example, we don’t experience our ‘self’, we experience a changing array of thoughts and feelings. †¢ To come up with the idea of ‘self’, we’ve confused similarity with identity †¢ We do the same with the idea of a physical object †¢ A physical object exists independently of experience, existing in 3d space. †¢ But can experience show us something that exists independently of experience? †¢ If I look at a desk, look away, and then look back again, the desk must have existed when I wasn’t looking at it. †¢ I can’t know that my experience was of the same desk, only that the experiences are similar †¢ When coming up with the concept of a physical object that exists independently of experience, I confuse similarity with identity. †¢ Hume concludes that these concepts are incoherent confusions †¢ This can be objected though †¢ This makes most of our common-sense understand and analysis of the  world incorrect – we know that our concepts are coherent. †¢ Empiricism now seems to challenging to accept, as it makes our concepts ‘illusory’. †¢ The fact that we cannot derive the aforementioned from experience shows that they are innate †¢ Empiricists therefore have a flawed argument – explaining our most abstract concepts is an argument that these concepts are not derived from experience. †¢ Does this therefore mean that they’re innate or arrived at through rational intuition? †¢ One reason to think they’re innate is that children use these concepts before they develop rational intuition. †¢ Rationalists therefore argue that experience is the trigger for the concept Does all knowledge about what exists rest on sense experience? Hume’s Fork †¢ We can have knowledge of two sorts of things: ‘Relations between ideas’, and ‘matters of fact’ †¢ Relations of ideas are propositions like ‘all sons have fathers’ †¢ Hume argue that all a priori knowledge must be analytic, and all knowledge of synthetic propositions must be a posteriori †¢ Anything that is not true by definition (‘matters of fact’) must be learned through the senses †¢ Hume’s ‘matters of fact’ are essentially analytic truths. Matters of Fact †¢ Hume says that the foundation of knowledge of matters of fact is what we experience here and now, or what we can remember †¢ All our knowledge that goes beyond the aforementioned rests on casual inference †¢ For example, if I receive a letter from a friend with a French postcard on it, I’ll believe that my friend is in France. †¢ I know this because I infer from post mark to place †¢ I think that where something is posted causes it to have a postmark from that place. †¢ If the letter was posted by my friend, I believe that he is in France. †¢ I ‘know’ this because I rely on past experiences. †¢ I don’t work out what causes what by thinking about it †¢ It is only our experience of effects and causes that brings us to infer what cause has what effect. †¢ Hume denies that this is ‘proof’ †¢ He says that knowledge of matters of fact, beyond what we’re experience here and now relies on induction and reasoning about probability. Induction and Deduction †¢ The terms relate to a type of argument †¢ Inductive is where the conclusion is not logically entailed by its premises, but supported by them †¢ If the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true. †¢ The French letter example is an example of inductive reasoning. †¢ A Deductive argument is an argument whose conclusion is logically entailed by its premises †¢ If the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false †¢ E. g. Premise 1: Socrates is a man; Premise 2: All men are mortal; Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. Using a priori intuition and demonstration to establish claims of what exists †¢ Rationalists argue against Hume, saying that some claims about what exists can be grounded on a priori intuition. †¢ A priori demonstration, or deduction, is deduction that uses a priori premises †¢ Rational intuition is the view that you can discover the truth of a claim by thinking about it  Descartes †¢ Descartes says that we can establish the existence of the mind, the physical world and God through a priori reasoning. †¢ He attacks sense experience, and how they can deceive us †¢ We can’t tell if we’re being deceived by an evil demon through our senses, as what we are experiencing will be false †¢ We can establish that we think, and therefore we exist, even if our senses do deceive us (as we don’t need our senses to know our mind exists) †¢ This conclusion of thinking and doubting that we exist was gotten to by pure reasoning. †¢ He also establishes that the mind can exist from the body. †¢ Descartes says we don’t know what causes these experiences †¢ It could be an evil demon, God, or the physics world exists exactly how we perceive it. †¢ If it was God, it would mean he was a deceiver as we have a very strong tendency to trust our senses †¢ If it was a demon, God must have created this demon to deceive us, and because God is perfect by definition, this would mean God isn’t a deceiver, and so he can’t have made a demon – so there must be some kind of a real world †¢ Through a priori intuition and reasoning, Descartes says that the external world must exist, because God exists, and he would not deceive us. Conceptual Schemes and Their Philosophical Implications †¢ Humans don’t all have the same concepts †¢ There are two distinguishable elements to our experience: the data of the senses, and how this data’s interpreted by our concepts †¢ By the latter, it implies that different people would impose different conceptual scheme if they have different concepts. †¢ Conceptual relativism claims that because our conceptual scheme affect how people experience and understand reality, people with different conceptual schemes have different realities. An Implication: Conceptual relativism. †¢ We assume people have different ‘realities’ because we can’t translate their to ours †¢ It assumes language ‘constructs’ reality to say reality is relative to our conceptual schemes †¢ It would mean that reality is dependant on language, which isn’t true – we express our realities by language †¢ A proposition in one conceptual scheme can be true without needing to be express in another set of scheme. †¢ This means that there isn’t one set of scheme with how the world works †¢ An objection is that people argue that the relation between experience anc conceptual schemes doesn’t make sense. †¢ Benjamin Whorf says that languages organize our experience of the world †¢ This is like trying to organize a wardrobe itself and not the clothes in it †¢ If a conceptual scheme organizes our experience, then our experience must be comprised of individual experiences †¢ Conceptual scheme all have a set of experiences in common †¢ We can pick out individual experiences like smelling a flower, feeling cold, etc. †¢ Any conceptual scheme with these sorts of experiences will end up similar to our own, despite the concepts one hold and their language, and so translation between two different conceptual schemes will be possible. †¢ There may be small parts that can’t be translated, but this only leads to a very mild form of conceptual relativism. †¢ We can’t necessarily combine conceptual scheme †¢ An example is that we can have more or less colours in our vocabulary, and so can describe things in different ways. †¢ The Greeks thought that there was only one colour – bronze, and that everything else was a different shade of bronze. †¢ This doesn’t mean they saw everything in what we call ‘bronze’, it’s just how they described their experiences. †¢ We can therefore only state things depending on the concepts we have.