Monopolies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Imposing business models - Essay Example Anyway the others were considered of low quality by Microsoft. There then emerged an issue of whether Microsoft had adjusted its applications to support web pioneer over different programs. The respondent was additionally blamed for framing prohibitive permitting concurrences with other unique hardware producers which was an awful set of principles. With all due respect, Microsoft contended that Microsoft windows and web traveler were consolidated in order to improve development and rivalry in this manner, the two turned into an equivalent item which encouraged customers to get all the advantages of web wayfarer gratis. This was in opposition to the offended parties who contended that the program was an unmistakable item which didn't require blend with the working framework. Imposing business model market structure is a market wherein there is a solitary provider of an item (Boyes and Melvin, 2008). The firm is alluded to as a monopolist and its item has no nearby substitutes. Boyes and Melvin further called attention to that† a firm that has imposing business model force is a value creator instead of a cost taker† (p.567). The trademark here is that it sets the cost of the item and the peripheral income will be not exactly the costs for restraining infrastructures firm consequently the descending slopping request bend. Also, for this situation, Microsoft adjusted web pilgrim to be supported and to be socially favored by numerous clients over different programs in the market. Thusly, when a solitary enormous firm’s item become socially best than those of its rivals, it is known as characteristic restraining infrastructure (Goodwin et al, 2008). The market structure of an unadulterated imposing business model is portrayed by one dealer in the market, the products being sold have no substitute and there are hindrances of section into the market by different firms. In the expressed case, Microsoft’s items were exceptionally separated and this reinforced its market power and monetary benefits expanded because of the blemished

Perspective on social sciences Essay

Sociology and social hypothesis were to free the considerations and along these lines help social gatherings in ousting control and suppression. This development of basic sociology and social hypothesis stands obnoxiously at chances with the moderate positivist polished methodology of standard human science as in it imagines human freedom as the most elevated reason of scholarly uproar. Habermas has made careful arrangements to contend that this conclusive start of sociology and social hypothesis isn't against what he calls the venture of advancement, which initiated with the Enlightenment. Absolutely, he fights that basic social hypothesis, considered as correspondence hypothesis and morals, achieves the venture of innovation by further defending public activity in manners assessed yet not finished by Weber. Despite the fact that Habermas unnecessarily isolates instrumental and open rationalities, much as Kant did, in this way constraining the field of human freedom to informative tasks yet leaving innovation and its territory of nature immaculate, he marvelously reconceptualizes Marxism in manners that give it exact and political buy in the present. A long way from abandoning innovation and advancement, Habermas contends that Marx was a pioneer and that the task of advancement can basically be satisfied in a Marxist manner, in spite of the fact that in wording that go astray definitely from the Marxist and Marxist-Leninist systems of the mid twentieth century. Habermas bolsters the Enlightenment’s program of normal freedom and reasonability through (a reconceptualized) Marx. This confirmation to the Enlightenment and innovation must clear basic social scholars, for example, Habermas of the acceptances that they are Luddites, antimodernists, rebels. A long way from insufficient scholarly life, including sociology and social hypothesis, to be abbreviated to instructive political training, Habermas needs to open scholastic life to veritable discussion and assorted variety, which he guesses as far as his informative morals. despite the fact that the portrayal of left scholastics as extremist supporters of â€Å"political correctness† is to a great extent publicity declared by eighties neoconservatives, numerous basic social scholars are particularly hard on purveyors of multicultural character governmental issues, especially the individuals who get from postmodernism. Professionalized liberal positivists, including various U. S. sociologists, conflate every single hypothetical heterodoxy, especially where they contend that one ought to shield the disciplinary task of human science against the wild people who might â€Å"politicize† social science and sociology when respectable sociologists are battling a rearguard activity against financial plan slicing college executives. These expert positivists underestimate all idea and research that don't kowtow to the injuries of as far as anyone knows esteem free quantitative observation. This pulverizes subtleties: Habermas (1987a) reprimands postmodernism; Fraser (1989) inclinations Habermas and Foucault to be all the more clearly women's activist. It likewise neglects to recognize that basic social hypotheses hold thorough investigation, objectivity, polished methodology, even disciplinarily. Basic social scholars differ from professionalized positivist sociologists most pointedly in contending that the point of information is light and consequently freedom, not the advancement of individual expert qualifications or the movement of one’s control. Basic social scholars scorn Comte’s model of the hard sciences as an image for their own work as they accept that positivism killed accuracy and thus the chance of huge scope auxiliary change. Basic social scholars are unashamed to be viewed as political, especially when they concur with Horkheimer and Adorno in Dialectic of Enlightenment that the act of opportunity from values is the most powerful worth situation of all, taking up the present as a wealth of social being and repudiating perfect world. It is wry that positivist sociologists in the United States who endeavor to build up their order in the college by focusing on its likeness to the hard sciences, including both positivist quantitative procedure and award value, additionally contend that human science should expressive what are called arrangement suggestions, especially since a Democrat is president. Applied humanism proposes state arrangements in domains, for example, medicinal services, maturing, social government assistance, work and family, and wrongdoing. Positivist sociologists state that human science takes care of its by underlining its genuine applications recommended in the tight specialized examinations spreading in the diaries. various positivist diary articles unoriginally finish up with short excursuses on â€Å"policy† in this sense. This segue into approach examination both legitimizes human science in the state mechanical assembly (e. g. , open research colleges) and assists humanism with dodging a progressively central legislative issues the idea of arrangement inferring moderate improvement of social issues and not systematic change. Also, the conversation of arrangement upgrades the award value of sociological research, which has transform into a trademark of scholarly expert authenticity. In this manner, the move from the sociological to the social with respect to huge social scholars who bolster interdisciplinary is scaring to disciplinary positivists since it foreshadows the politicization of social hypothesis and sociology at once while some accept human science should put conclusive separation among itself and its sixties commitment. The worn out stand-up line of sociology’s pundits that humanism uses similar sounding words with communism, social work, and the sixties represents this distraction with the legitimating of sociological disciplinarity and discloses why interdisciplinary ways to deal with the social are so compromising. The interpretive controls and human science are moving in conflicting ways: Interpretive researchers and social pundits praise the politicization of the group, while positivist sociologists need to oppress legislative issues. Driving U. S. scholarly projects, for example, Duke’s are flooded with these new hypothetical developments that issue the out of date quality of standard ways to deal with the investigation of writing and culture. In these settings, legislative issues isn't a beset to be wiped out however an opening to better approaches for seeing, composing, and instructing. Out of nowhere, with the intrusion of these new European and women's activist impacts, conventional ways to deal with â€Å"representation† (delineating the world) in both craftsmanship and analysis could never again be trusted. Postmodern anecdotal and social hypothesis bloomed in a post illustrative time, explicitly something contrary to what was going on in positivist human science, which sticks more tenaciously than any time in recent memory to portrayal - accomplished through quantitative technique as the alleged redemption of a troubled order. Not all forms of postmodernism are qualified as either social or basic hypothesis. Notwithstanding, as Fredric Jameson (1991) has contended in Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, postmodern hypothesis has the potential for new types of neo-Marxist social and social examination relevant to late private enterprise. Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, and Derrida make implies for basic speculations of the social, particularly where they make conceivable the basic examination of social talks and practices that personally take after and develop the Frankfurt School’s investigation of the way of life industry. What's more, postmodern hypothesis has made it almost unreachable for individuals in interpretive and social controls to move toward writings as though the â€Å"meanings† of those writings could be uncovered to presuppositionless, extremely positivist readings. Postmodernists commute home the point that perusing is itself a type of composing, of contention, as in it fills in holes and logical inconsistencies in writings through solid scholarly acts of creative mind and cross examination. Hardly any today can move toward the demonstration of perusing or composing concerning perusing in the equivalent secure manner that they could peruse messages before postmodernism, before portrayal was tested as a seriously hypothetical and political venture in its own right. A groundbreaking number of sociologists and anthropologists (Richardson [1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1991a, 1991b], Denzin [1986, 1989, 1990, 1991c], Aronowitz [1990], Behar and Gordon [1995]) draw from postmodernism in reformulating both sociology research and hypothesis considering postmodernism’s compelling test to positivist speculations of portrayal, composing, and perusing. Notwithstanding, unmistakably most American sociologists and others in neighboring sociology disciplines doubt as well as despise the postmodern turn for its supposed enmity to science and subsequently objectivity, meticulousness, disciplinary authenticity, quantitative technique, and award value. The new grant in humanities divisions edifies basic sociology in that it peruses social talks and practices as ideological and commoditized and figures progressively broad speculative understandings of society. For instance, crafted by Jameson, the writer of various fundamental books on social and social hypothesis from Marxism and Form (1971) to Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), plainly places in to the undertaking of basic social hypothesis. Jameson is in discourse with basic scholars and postmodern scholars. He builds up a postmodern Marxism that gains from yet doesn't surrender to the detotalizing ramifications of postmodern hypothesis. Albeit a considerable lot of Jameson’s references are from culture and writing while Habermas’s, for instance, are from social hypothesis and correspondence hypothesis Jameson in actuality â€Å"does† postmodern basic hypothesis in his readings of works of writing, engineering, music, painting, and theory, introducing not just close printed investigation however extending his readings into distortions very si

Blog Archive MBA News Thunderbird Seeks For-Profit Help

Blog Archive MBA News Thunderbird Seeks For-Profit Help According to the  Wall Street Journal, the 67-year old Thunderbird School of Global Management will soon announce a landmark decision to avert its continued financial decline. The school’s campus will be sold to Laureate Education Inc., a for-profit college operator, thereby establishing a partnership that stands to generate more than $100M in operating surplus. Without a parent institution, Thunderbird is particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in the business school market. As MBA applications have declined and top-ranked schools have expanded their global focus, Thunderbird’s unique brand of international training has been flagging, with the student body shrinking 8% between 2007 and 2012. While supporters insist drastic measures are needed, the decision has stirred controversy in the Thunderbird community, causing two board members to resign. Others have called the sale of a student- and alumni-funded campus to a private company “unconscionable,” with many worrying that the deal will “cheapen the value of the [Thunderbird] degree.” Share ThisTweet News

Case Conflict at Walt Disney - 880 Words

Management Organization ____________________________________________________________________________ Week 6 Case Assignment 1. How would you describe the conflict between Michael Eisner and the Weinstein brother, the two board members (Disney and Gold), and Steve Jobs† Was it functional or dysfunctional? The functional conflict is defined as a confrontation between groups that enhances and benefits the organization’s performance’ while dysfunctional conflict is defined as any confrontation or interaction between groups that harms the organization or hinders the achievement or organizational goals. Though, a point the Ivancevich makes is that in most cases, the point at which functional confrontation becomes dysfunctional is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Compromise is a good â€Å"backup† strategy that conflicting parties can fall back on if their attempts at problem solving are unsuccessful.† 3. To what degree do you think Iger’s calmer and less confrontational approach to running Disney has helped the company position itself to survive a major economic recession? When Bob Iger succeeded Michael Eisner, he was considered a safe â€Å"Mr. Inside† who was a competent operator and an unobjectionable personality. Iger has steered Disney shrewdly since succeeding Michael Eisner. Where Eisner seemed forever awash in controversies, Iger has chosen a shrewder, less confrontational path. It has helped Iger build a stellar reputation on Wall Street, where the money barons dont like provocation. His calmer approach helped repair key relationships that were strained during Eisners reign as CEO. He believed in being productive instead of fighting wars and that gave a sign of relief to the company. He was not too adherent to the company tradition rather he focused on being more innovative. He encouraged risk taking as a means of innovation and development. He took risk to expand Disney business adding broad mix of business to its portfolio like ABC family, ESPN and Disney channels. He bought Pixar for $7.4 billion in 2006, gaining unmatched creative resources as well as the close counsel of Pixar founder Steve Jobs (whose estate is Disney’s single largest shareholder). He followed itShow MoreRelatedConflict at Walt Disney- Case Study1170 Words   |  5 PagesConflict at Walt Disney Eve Stapler Webster University Conflict at Walt Disney Within every organization there is some type of conflict, whether the conflict is personal, organizational or emotional. But the key is to manage the conflict so as to not hinder the profitability, functionality or public image of the company so that it is viable competitively. In the case of the Walt Disney Company, although the company had conflict within the organization, this did not hinder its competitivenessRead MoreEssay about Discussion Case: a Brawl in Mickeys Backyard769 Words   |  4 PagesCase Assignment: The Corporation and Its Stakeholders Issue The discussion case â€Å"A Brawl in Mickey’s Backyard† centers on a conflict between real estate developer SunCal and The Walt Disney Company. In 2005, SunCal arranged to purchase 26-acres of land within the Anaheim Resort District. Upon acquiring the site, SunCal intended to develop 1,500 condominiums, 225 of which would be priced below the market rate. Since the Anaheim Resort District is specified for commercial recreation use only, SunCalRead MoreCase Study Disney1005 Words   |  5 PagesA Case Study on 02/11/08 02/11/08 Agenda ââ€" º About Disney ââ€" º Divisions of Disney ââ€" º A bit of History ââ€" º About the CASE ââ€" º SWOT Analysis ââ€" º Its Current Executive Management ââ€" º Recommended Organizational structures ï‚ § Model 1 ï‚ § Model 2 ï‚ § Model 3 02/11/08 About Disney ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º The Walt Disney Company (most commonly known as Disney) (NYSE: DIS) is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt and Roy Disney asRead MoreOrganizational Conflict At Walt Disney The Ceo Eisner1124 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that organizational conflict is the clash that occurs when the goal-directed behavior of one group blocks or thwarts the goals of another (p. 391). In the case study Politics at Walt Disney the CEO Eisner began losing favor with the company when the firm’s performance began to fall. Despite having handpicked a majority of the board members Eisner could not deny the company’s loss of performance. Pondy (as cited by Jones, 2013) developed a model of organizational conflict which lists five sourcesRead MoreThe Management And Worker Relationships Within The 2009 Documentary Waking Sleeping Beauty Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent notions of power will help to show the impacts they have had on the creative team within the Disney Corporation as well as the many variations of resistance, which occurred. This essay will discuss ‘Waking Sleeping Beauty’ in chronological order using specific events, which display the six notions of power in order to show the relationships between managers and the animators of Walt Disney Productions. In a noteworthy study focusing on power two reputable academics John R.P. French andRead MoreThe Walt Disney Corporation: the Entertainment King1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Original Disney Company (pre-1984) Walt Disney set a vision for the company – to provide wholesome family entertainment. Everything that the company did was aligned to this vision and corporate philosophy. The key ingredient that fueled the success of Walt Disney Company was its ability to create new, unique cartoon characters that had universal appeal. Over the years, Disney did a great job in bringing these characters to life, and kept introducing new characters that further solidifiedRead MoreThe Success Or Failure For The Walt Disney Company Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction 1.1 Objective of Case Study The objective of this case study is to discuss about how the success or failure for The Walt Disney Company apply several corporate government theories and corporate board management to their organisation. 1.2 A - Definition of Corporate Governance Corporate governance is the internal and external framework of verification and counterbalance to the organisation. This framework ensures that accountability discharge to all their stakeholders by an organisationRead MoreCase Study Disney Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesCase 11.1 (p. 337) â€Å"Conflict at Walt Disney Company: A Distant Memory? | 1) How would you describe the conflict between Michael Eisner and the Weinstein brothers, the two board members (Disney and Gold), and Steve Jobs? Was it functional or dysfunctional? 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SWOT Strengths * Stable Revenue and Profit Growth * Diversified Portfolio * Tremendous Brand Recognition * Responsiveness to Markets * Substantial Asset Holdings Weaknesses * Top Tier Management Turnover * Redundancy in Business Functions Due to SBU Structure * Inclusion of High-Risk Investments in Holdings * Lack of Corporate Control over Divisions * Growth Barriers in Theme Parks Opportunities * Continued Growth through

The Great Gatsby And The Handmaid s Tale Crushing Dreams

Rilye Fries Mrs. Tucker English 12 hour 3 13 March 2015 The Great Gatsby and The Handmaid’s Tale: Crushing Dreams The Great Gatsby is regarded as a classic novel for its sad and hopeful story of Jay Gatsby and his quest to obtain Daisy Buchanan, his first love. Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid s Tale is regarded as a more modern day classic, taking place in a dystopian society where women are regarded as sex slaves and the Bible is law. Both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Margaret Atwood, despite having different writing styles, show the corruption and falsehood of the American Dream. The authors show this through characterization, setting, symbolism, and dreams. The characters in both novels play a drastic role in showing the corruption in the American Dream. In Gatsby, Fitzgerald characterizes women as prizes and as being irresponsible, while men are power hungry and will do anything to buy the females, although all of them are bored with their riches. One character, Daisy, is an icon for desire and damnation, and men, in particular Gatsby, love this. They are willing to do anything, willing to pay and pay twice (Wershoven 143). Men want her and she is never fully satisfied (Wershoven 143). She is always looking for new amusement and new fantasies. Men take on the position of caring for a spoiled little girl. In Gatsby, there is both a shooting and a car accident that was indirectly caused by the heroine or affected a female, and in both cases society did its best to cover up

Ojt Experiences - 6977 Words

MY OJT EXPERIENCE Ikaw na maglagay ng date, nitatamad nako e, Tapos, dagdagan mo nlng ung note nung ibang holidays, nakalimutan ko na e, lumagpas nako ng holidays, ikaw nalang gumawa, oyy cheesy tong diary na to ah, kasi kunyari may nakilala ka :D ahah May mga iniwan din pala ako na blanks fill up-an mo nalang tignan mo ng mabuti baka may malagpasan ka, Finally my ___hours OJT is finally over. For 120 days I’ve learned a lot of things that I know I will never experience in my entire life without the help of (pinagOJThan mo). At first it’s hard for me to wake up too early and ride all alone to work specially riding a bus, but as time goes by my body is now used to my daily routine. 1. On our 1st day we had our orientation where we†¦show more content†¦13. So this day, I decided to work as my real self, no showoffs etc, just me, my true self, and I felt happier, I almost forgot the time, because I was really happy of what I was doing. 14. I thought it’ll all work out as planned, just work, nothing else, but there’s someone who did something BAD to me, but I can’t do anything, he’s a regular employee and I’m just having my practicum, so all I did was to ignore it and keep focus on my work. 15. This day, I’ve been hearing gossips about me, of course it’s from that person again, well I can’t do anything but to ignore it, it pisses me off, but it doesn’t harm me at all so, I kept in mind that I’ll just do my best, so that whatever that person says will not affect me, because I’m doing my job in a nice way. 16. This day I did something wrong, I broke something in the hotel room t hat I’ve got to pay, after that incident, again I’ve been hearing negative thoughts from that person, I was having a bad day today, a really bad day so I decided to talk about it with my supervisor, but all he said was â€Å"just ignore him†. I was thinking if that was a good advice. 17. Today, that person wasn’t around; I wasn’t hearing anything bad from them, just a normal day, nothing special. 18. As days goes by, I was able to make friends so that I’m enjoying what I’m doing because I have someone to talk to. 19. I noticed that the person having gossips about me was not around for how many days, I was really happyShow MoreRelatedMy Ojt Experience2044 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Company II. Summary of the OJT III. Assessment of the OJT 4.1 New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired 4.2 Theories actually seen in practice 4.3 Feedback that can be given to the company or institution 4.4 Benefits gained 4.5 Problems encounterd IV. Appendices 5.6 Copy of signed waiver 5.7 Daily time record 5.8 Quarterly performance appraisal forms 5.9 Certificate of completion Assessment of OJT A. New knowledge, attitudesRead Moreintroduction of ojt1378 Words   |  6 PagesI INTRODUCTION On-Job Training (OJT) is normally included as part of the New Hire Training, post completion of Classroom / Buddy Training. In most businesses / accounts (back-office business) in Wipro BPO, an OJT program exists but not in a structured form. In most cases it does not factor in / include all the critical components to help make a new hire successful at the start of their Job. This document helps in identifying the key ingredients for an OJT program which will help shorten theRead MoreNarrative Report for Ojt1664 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents with work experience relevant to their chosen field of specialization. 2. To give students the opportunity to apply all the things they learned from classroom instructions and discover new knowledge to facilitate improvement. 3. To provide trainees the opportunity to acquire more skills and techniques in doing various tasks and responsibilities. 4. To enable students develop a sense of professionalism, love of work and commitment to people they serve. 5. To experience positive interpersonalRead Morenarrative report1121 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿MY OJT EXPERIENCE I learned a lot from my experiences as an On-the-Job Trainee of Aboitiz Power, Therma Mobile Inc. First of all, I’m very much gratified for the support and understanding of my superiors especially on times when I committed mistakes. More than any learning thought in school, I learned to be with others, to work with people. I learn also to listen to my senior, Mr. Balali even though at times I can’t understand his instructions. I also learn to accept criticism and be apologeticRead MoreIntegration Paper1512 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Submitted by: Dilag, Mary Grace S. Submitted to: Juville C. Raà ±ises November 12, 2012 I. Table of Contents I. II. III. IV. Table of Contents Brief History/ Background of the Company/ Company Profile Summary of the OJT Experience Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program A. New Knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired B. Theories actually seen in practice C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution D. Benefits gained E. Problems Encountered V. Appendices A. CompanyRead MoreNarrative Report for Ojt1396 Words   |  6 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I. INTRODUCTION II. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY/COMPANY PROFILE III. SUMMARY OF THE OJT EXPERIENCE IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE OJT/PRACTICUM PROGRAM A. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired B. Theories actually seen in practice C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution D. Benefits gained E. Problems encountered V. APPENDICES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My success couldn’t turn into reality without this following person whoRead MoreOjt Narrative1031 Words   |  5 PagesAcknowledgement †¢ Dedication I. INTRODUCTION a. 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Viray Jr. OJT Coordinator Prepared by: Jacob S. Bugarin BSICT 3-B March 20, 2013 Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. Martin Alexander

Skype Qnd the Chqnge of the Value Curve in Voip Industry free essay sample

Within this essay, several theoretical concepts would be developed and underpinned practical examples taken from how Skype has revolutionized the telecommunication industry. Firstly, the new value innovation which constitutes Skype    would    be    characterized. Afterwards,    the    impact    of    Skype’s    new    value    innovation on its industry would be explained. Secondly, it would be seen how innovation and entrepreneurial intensity of firms introducing new services or products can influence the shape of the industry value curve, using strategic canvas framework. Thirdly, the identification of new groups of customers that enable the new innovation would be demonstrated. 1 T o begin with it seems relevant to define innovation. According to Steve Job cited in Fortune in 1998, innovation does not depend on the amount of money you spend but on â€Å"the   people   you   have,   how   youre   led,   and   how much   you   get   it†. Besides   according   to   Drucker   (1985, cited in Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2004:137),   innovation   is   Ã¢â‚¬Å"the   specific   instrument   of   entrepreneurship   [   the   act   that    endows    resources    with    a    new    capacity    to    create    wealth. † Drucker asserts that innovation leads to wealth creation. Kim and Mauborgne nuance the notion of innovation introducing the new value innovation. According    to    them,    â€Å"Value Innovation    is    the    cornerstone    of    blue    ocean    strategy. It focuses on making the competition irrelevant by creating a leap in value for buyers and for the company, thereby opening up new and uncontested market space. † This works if there is the simultaneous effort to differentiate and to reduce the cost for buyers. They emphasize that value innovation benefits to customers and to the company which initiates it (see figure 1, p. 10). Besides, value innovation integrates a different approach than the conventional logic and applies a strategic logic of high growth including five dimensions: industry assumption, strategic focus, customers, assets and capabilities and product/service offering (see figure 2, p. 10) In the case of Skype, the company did this leap and created an uncontested market by transforming the way we communicate, using the shift from analog to digital (Rosenberg J. 2012). In 1876 analog telephone was invented by Graham Bell and    in    1960’s    it    became    global. It    is    just    in    the    1980’s    that    digital    connections    appeared, followed by the entrance of the mobile phone. Infrastructures for the digital technology were developed, and reduced the cost of information transmission. In 2003, Skype used this revol ution and revolutionized habits by launching the software which allows users to communicate –peers to peers on internet- with video 2 nd voice, to share files, to tchat and do video conferences, all of that free of charge. This combined voice and video offering gives users much higher value at lower cost than alternatives such as long distance calling, where you cannot see each other (Rosenberg J. , 2012). Furthermore, it ridicules complex and high costs calls from room-based video conferencing and reduces the costs of business or leisure travel. The impact on the industry was huge. â€Å"We   are   in   the   middle   of   an   incredible    revolution of how technology works as a whole. Voice Over IP has already transformed communication,    and    we    have    just    begun,†    said    Jonathan    Rosenberg,    chief technologist for Skype, during a lecture at Elon University in 2012. Indeed Skype made the competition irrelevant and Avaya, Siemens and Nortel Networks have stopped selling their expensive voice boxes for conferences (Rosenberg J. , 2012). Jonathan Rosenberg insists    in    the    conference    saying    â€Å"Holy    cow,    this    is    a    market    that    didn’t    exist,    and    now    12. 5 % of international calls include video†. The    shift has been radical for the industry and Skype represents now 25 % of the total volume of international calls. At last, TeleGeography’s    latest    data    shows    that    the    growth    of    international    call    traffic    slows    down,    while    Skype’s    cross-border traffic continues to soar (see figure 3, p. 11). 3 S econdly, the canvas value curve would be defined and the influence of Skype on the shape of the industry value curve using strategic canvas framework would be considered. According to Kim and Mauborgne the strategy canvas is the central diagnostic and action framework for building a compelling blue ocean strategy. Blue ocean strategy is an expression used by these two authors to express the uncontested market created by the value innovation; in contrast with the red ocean where firms are competing (see figure 4, p. 11). Being a tool for the BOS, the strategy canvas serves two purposes. Firstly, it clarifies which current competing factors are used by the industry, and so, by the main competitors competing in the red ocean. Secondly, it is an efficient way to refocus users on new competing factors and hence transform non customers to customers (see figure 5, p. 12). As suitable example of the strategy canvas, the graph was made for Skype (see figure 6, p. 12). Kim and Mauborgne assert that    to    â€Å"reconstruct    buyer    value    elements in crafting a new value curve; we use    the    four    actions    framework†. The    first    one    is    â€Å"eliminate†    and    it    represents    the    factor that the industry has long competed in. Skype eliminated the cost of global communications (only with peers to peers usage on internet), the obsolescence and the cost of maintenance of video conference equipment. The second one is â€Å"reduce†    and is related to which factors could be reduced well below the industry standard. In the case of Skype, it has reduced the time of connection. The third   factor   is   Ã¢â‚¬Å"raise†    and    considers    which    factors    should    be    raised    well    above    the    industry’s    standard. Skype raised the quality of the voice –essential factor according to Jonathan Rosenberg- and    the    ease    of    use. At    last,    the    fourth    factor    is    â€Å"create†    and    implies what could be created that the industry has never offered. Skype was the first 4 company in this industry launching new services like the possibility to share files, to tchat and the availability on mobile devices (see figure 7, p. 3) Normally, conventional competition takes place within clearly established boundaries defined by the products and services the industry traditionally offers. But in this case, Skype has clearly redefined the rules of the industry and has pushed the boundaries usi ng a strategic canvas framework. It is pertinent to ask what happens once a company has created a new value curve in terms of competition. Kim and Mauborgne argue that, sooner or later, the competition tries to imitate it. It is exactly what is happening for Skype. Indeed, many companies have tried to copy this value innovation. According to Focus. om (platform of experts on technology) and CreditScore it is the case for ooVoo, Vbuzzer, VoipBuster, Jajah and SightSpeed. For the future Skype intends to develop its availability on different platforms as it knows that it could increase the volume of users. Hence, Skype wants to be compatible with Xbox, Hotmail messenger and Kinect. Furthermore, Google and Facebook plan to invest $ 4 Billion each one in the company, which reveals that Skype is still seen in advance, compared to its competitors and attracts investors. Even if competitors intend to compete with Skype, they are still struggling to do it. Skype has transformed the value curve of the industry and is still    in    a    â€Å"blue    ocean†. Indeed,   as   noted   by   Microsoft   News   center,   Skype   is   still   the   only software which provides at the same time voice call ( P2P), phone call (calling in), video call, instant messaging, desktop sharing and file sharing (see figure 8, p. 13). What would be the next value innovation to maintain the differentiation? 5 F inally, new groups of customers that enable the new value innovation would be identified. Afterwards, this identification would be supported by Skype example. Most of the time, companies which are competing   within   a   Ã¢â‚¬Å"red   ocean†   try   to   attract customers by refining the segmentation and offering tailoring to meet their needs (Kim and Mauborge 2012). Unfortunately this leads to narrow the number of customers who are reachable, creating too-small target markets. Value innovation follows an utterly different logic. Instead of concentrating on customers, they focus on noncustomers. It has been argued by Kim and Mauborgne that there are three ties of noncustomers that can be transformed into customers (see figure 9, p. 14). It is essential for companies to know who the non-customers are, in    order    to    â€Å"unlock    them†. The    first    tier    is    the    one    which    is    closest    to    the    market’s    company. Noncustomers within this tier are the more likely to become its customers if the company offers a leap in value. In addition,   these   Ã¢â‚¬Å"soon-to-be†   customers   could be loyal and their frequency of purchase could multiply in the near future. The second tier of noncustomers is constituted of people who refuse to use   the    company’s   offering. They    are aware of the offering but have consciously decided to be against the market. For Skype, it could be the case with aged people who know that Skype exists but prefer using   their   Ã¢â‚¬Å"classic   analog   phone†   for   international   calls. The   last   tier   is   Ã¢â‚¬Å"unexplored†    customers who are in markets distant from the company. In reality these people have   never   considered   the   market’s   offering   as   an   option. Using   Skype   example,   this    could be the case of people who do not have an internet access, especially in remote areas. Skype    by    creating    a    leap    of    value    for    customers    has    really    â€Å"unlocked    noncustomers†.